Correlating stem biomechanical properties of Hawaiian canopy trees with hurricane wind damage
Hawaiian forests are subject to the effects of periodic hurricane conditions. Hurricane Iniki struck the island of Kauai, Hawaii on September 11, 1992 with winds exceeding 200 km/h and caused defoliation, felling of trees by snapping and uprooting, and standing tree mortality due excessive limb and...
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| Published in | Biotropica Vol. 29; no. 2; pp. 145 - 150 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.1997
Association for Tropical Biology |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0006-3606 1744-7429 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00018.x |
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| Abstract | Hawaiian forests are subject to the effects of periodic hurricane conditions. Hurricane Iniki struck the island of Kauai, Hawaii on September 11, 1992 with winds exceeding 200 km/h and caused defoliation, felling of trees by snapping and uprooting, and standing tree mortality due excessive limb and leaf loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if measured wood mechanical characteristics could be correlated with stem failure of trees under windstorm conditions. A field survey indicated that post-hurricane stem condition (snapped, uprooted, or standing) differed among five common canopy species and was significantly correlated with stem apparent elastic modulus (relative flexibility). Species that tended to snap had significantly higher apparent elastic moduli than those that remained standing or were uprooted. Wood density and stem diameter were not significantly related to stem failure mode. Native trees had a higher percentage per species of standing individuals but also had increased uprooting. Nonnative tree species were more often snapped and fewer were standing after the hurricane. The higher incidence of stem failure for introduced canopy trees may increase the spread of alien understory species following wind disturbance events. These relationships provide a simple means to predict relative differences in stem failure due to high wind conditions and should be considered in planning reforestation efforts on the Hawaiian Islands. |
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| AbstractList | Hawaiian forests are subject to the effects of periodic hurricane conditions. Hurricane Iniki struck the island of Kauai, Hawaii on September 11, 1992 with winds exceeding 200 km/h and caused defoliation, felling of trees by snapping and uprooting, and standing tree mortality due excessive limb and leaf loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if measured wood mechanical characteristics could be correlated with stem failure of trees under windstorm conditions. A field survey indicated that post-hurricane stem condition (snapped, uprooted, or standing) differed among five common canopy species and was significantly correlated with stem apparent elastic modulus (relative flexibility). Species that tended to snap had significantly higher apparent elastic moduli than those that remained standing or were uprooted. Wood density and stem diameter were not significantly related to stem failure mode. Native trees had a higher percentage per species of standing individuals but also had increased uprooting. Nonnative tree species were more often snapped and fewer were standing after the hurricane. The higher incidence of stem failure for introduced canopy trees may increase the spread of alien understory species following wind disturbance events. These relationships provide a simple means to predict relative differences in stem failure due to high wind conditions and should be considered in planning reforestation efforts on the Hawaiian Islands. |
| Author | Asner, Gregory P. Goldstein, Guillermo |
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| References | Loope, L. L., and D. Mueller-Dombois, M. Duever, A. Herndon, J. Snyder, and D. Jansen. 1994. Hurricane impact on uplands and freshwater swamp forest. BioScience 44(4): 238-246. Beatty, S. W. 1991. Colonization dynamics in a mosaic landscape: the buried seed pool. J. Biogeog. 18: 553-563. Reilly, A. E. 1991. The effects of Hurricane Hugo in three tropical forests in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Biotropica 23(4a): 414-419. Day, W. R. 1950. Soil conditions which determine windthrow in forests. For. 23: 90-95. Zimmerman, J. K., E. M. Everham III, R. B. Waide, D. J. Lodge, C. M. Taylor, and N. V. L. Brokaw. 1994. Responses of tree species to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: implications for tropical tree life histories. J. Ecol. 82: 911-922. Basnet, K. 1993. Recovery of a tropical rain forest after hurricane damage. Vegetatio 109: 1-4. Godden, W. G. 1965. Numerical analysis of beam and column structures. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey . Putz, F. E., P. D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalvo, and R. R. Sharitz. 1991. Hurricane damage to old-growth forest in Congaree Swamp National Monument, South Carolina, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1765-1770. Falinski, J. B. 1978. Uprooted trees, their distribution and influence in the primeval forest biotope. Vegetation 38: 175-183. Jayne, B. A. 1972. Theory and design of wood and fiber composite materials. Syracuse University Press, New York . Walker, L. R. 1991. Tree damage and recovery from Hurricane Hugo in Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23(4a): 379-385. Mergen, F. 1954. Mechanical aspects of wind-breakage and windfirmness. J. For. 52: 119-125. Brokaw., N. V. L., and J. S. Grear. 1991. Forest structure before and after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23(4a): 386-392. King, D. A. 1986. Tree form, height growth, and susceptibility to wind damage in Acer saccbarum. Ecology 67(4): 980-990. Putz, F. E., P. D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalvo, and A. Aiello. 1983. Uprooting and snapping of trees: structural determinants and ecological consequences. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 1011-1020. Jacobi, J. D., G. Gerrish, and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1983. Ohia dieback in Hawaii: vegetation changes in permanent plots. Pac. Sci. 37(4): 327-337. Hutnik, R. J. 1952. Reproduction on windfalls in a northern hardwood forest. J. For. 50: 693-694. Chen, W., and T. Atsuta. 1976. Theory of beam-columns. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York . Gresham, C. A., T. M. Williams, and D. J. Lipscomb. 1991. Hurricane Hugo wind damage to southeastern U.S. coastal forest tree species. Biotropica 23(4a): 420-426. Holbrook, N. M., and F. E. Putz. 1989. Influence of neighbors on tree form: effects of lateral shade and prevention of sway on the dometry of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum). Am. J. Bot. 76(12): 1740-1749. Little, E. L., and R. G. Skolmen. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Handbook No. 679, Washington , D.C. . Vitousek, P. M., and L. R. Walker, G. Aplet, D. Turner, and J. J. Lockwood. 1992. The Mauna ha environmental matrix: foliar and soil nutrients. Oecologia 89: 372-382. Bodig, J. 1982. Mechanics of wood and wood composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York . Fraser, A. I. 1962. The roots and soil as factors in tree stability. For. 35: 117-127. Mueller-Dombois, D., K. W. Bridges, and H. L. Carson. 1981. Island ecosystems: biological organization of selected Hawaiian communities. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania . Stone, C. P., C. W. Smith, and T. J. Tunison, (Eds.). 1992. Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: management and research. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu . Mosbrugger, V. 1990. The tree habitat in land plants: a functional comparison of trunk constructions with a brief introduction into the biomechanics of trees. Springer-Verlag, Berlin . Smith, A. P. 1972. Buttressing of tropical trees: a descriptive model and new hypothesis. Am. Nat. 106: 32-46. Vitousek, P. M., and L. R. Walker. 1989. Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii: plant demography, nitrogen fixation, ecosystem effects. Ecol. Monogr. 59(3): 247-265. King, D. A.. 1987. Load bearing capacity of understory treelets of a tropical wet forest. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 114(4): 419-428. |
| References_xml | – reference: Hutnik, R. J. 1952. Reproduction on windfalls in a northern hardwood forest. J. For. 50: 693-694. – reference: Stone, C. P., C. W. Smith, and T. J. Tunison, (Eds.). 1992. Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: management and research. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu . – reference: Day, W. R. 1950. Soil conditions which determine windthrow in forests. For. 23: 90-95. – reference: Fraser, A. I. 1962. The roots and soil as factors in tree stability. For. 35: 117-127. – reference: Smith, A. P. 1972. Buttressing of tropical trees: a descriptive model and new hypothesis. Am. Nat. 106: 32-46. – reference: Beatty, S. W. 1991. Colonization dynamics in a mosaic landscape: the buried seed pool. J. Biogeog. 18: 553-563. – reference: Putz, F. E., P. D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalvo, and R. R. Sharitz. 1991. Hurricane damage to old-growth forest in Congaree Swamp National Monument, South Carolina, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1765-1770. – reference: Mosbrugger, V. 1990. The tree habitat in land plants: a functional comparison of trunk constructions with a brief introduction into the biomechanics of trees. Springer-Verlag, Berlin . – reference: Brokaw., N. V. L., and J. S. Grear. 1991. Forest structure before and after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23(4a): 386-392. – reference: Jayne, B. A. 1972. Theory and design of wood and fiber composite materials. Syracuse University Press, New York . – reference: King, D. A.. 1987. Load bearing capacity of understory treelets of a tropical wet forest. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 114(4): 419-428. – reference: Loope, L. L., and D. Mueller-Dombois, M. Duever, A. Herndon, J. Snyder, and D. Jansen. 1994. Hurricane impact on uplands and freshwater swamp forest. BioScience 44(4): 238-246. – reference: Mueller-Dombois, D., K. W. Bridges, and H. L. Carson. 1981. Island ecosystems: biological organization of selected Hawaiian communities. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania . – reference: Jacobi, J. D., G. Gerrish, and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1983. Ohia dieback in Hawaii: vegetation changes in permanent plots. Pac. Sci. 37(4): 327-337. – reference: Gresham, C. A., T. M. Williams, and D. J. Lipscomb. 1991. Hurricane Hugo wind damage to southeastern U.S. coastal forest tree species. Biotropica 23(4a): 420-426. – reference: Vitousek, P. M., and L. R. Walker. 1989. Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii: plant demography, nitrogen fixation, ecosystem effects. Ecol. Monogr. 59(3): 247-265. – reference: Holbrook, N. M., and F. E. Putz. 1989. Influence of neighbors on tree form: effects of lateral shade and prevention of sway on the dometry of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum). Am. J. Bot. 76(12): 1740-1749. – reference: Falinski, J. B. 1978. Uprooted trees, their distribution and influence in the primeval forest biotope. Vegetation 38: 175-183. – reference: Vitousek, P. M., and L. R. Walker, G. Aplet, D. Turner, and J. J. Lockwood. 1992. The Mauna ha environmental matrix: foliar and soil nutrients. Oecologia 89: 372-382. – reference: Mergen, F. 1954. Mechanical aspects of wind-breakage and windfirmness. J. For. 52: 119-125. – reference: Walker, L. R. 1991. Tree damage and recovery from Hurricane Hugo in Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23(4a): 379-385. – reference: King, D. A. 1986. Tree form, height growth, and susceptibility to wind damage in Acer saccbarum. Ecology 67(4): 980-990. – reference: Zimmerman, J. K., E. M. Everham III, R. B. Waide, D. J. Lodge, C. M. Taylor, and N. V. L. Brokaw. 1994. Responses of tree species to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: implications for tropical tree life histories. J. Ecol. 82: 911-922. – reference: Basnet, K. 1993. Recovery of a tropical rain forest after hurricane damage. Vegetatio 109: 1-4. – reference: Little, E. L., and R. G. Skolmen. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Handbook No. 679, Washington , D.C. . – reference: Chen, W., and T. Atsuta. 1976. Theory of beam-columns. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York . – reference: Godden, W. G. 1965. Numerical analysis of beam and column structures. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey . – reference: Bodig, J. 1982. Mechanics of wood and wood composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York . – reference: Putz, F. E., P. D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalvo, and A. Aiello. 1983. Uprooting and snapping of trees: structural determinants and ecological consequences. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 1011-1020. – reference: Reilly, A. E. 1991. The effects of Hurricane Hugo in three tropical forests in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Biotropica 23(4a): 414-419. |
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| SubjectTerms | ACACIA KOA ACACIA MEARNSII biomechanics BOIS disturbance elastic modulus ESPECE ESPECIES EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS ROBUSTA Failure modes Forest canopy Forest trees GREVILLEA ROBUSTA HAWAI HAWAII hurricane Hurricanes indigenous species Introduced species INTRODUCED VARIETIES MADERA MECHANICAL PROPERTIES METROSIDEROS METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA Moduli of elasticity native species Property damage PROPIEDADES MECANICAS PROPRIETE MECANIQUE SPECIES Storm damage Trees VARIEDADES NATURALIZADAS VARIETE INTRODUITE wind WOOD Wood density |
| Title | Correlating stem biomechanical properties of Hawaiian canopy trees with hurricane wind damage |
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