Perspective Back-Projection Algorithm: Interface Imaging for Airborne Ice Detection
The deployment of traditional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems for ice detection on steep terrain presents substantial safety challenges for ground crews due to inaccessibility and hazardous working conditions. However, airborne GPR (AGPR) and radio echo sounding (RES) provide solutions to the...
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| Published in | Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 17; no. 20; p. 3400 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Basel
MDPI AG
10.10.2025
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2072-4292 2072-4292 |
| DOI | 10.3390/rs17203400 |
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| Abstract | The deployment of traditional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems for ice detection on steep terrain presents substantial safety challenges for ground crews due to inaccessibility and hazardous working conditions. However, airborne GPR (AGPR) and radio echo sounding (RES) provide solutions to these difficulties. Assuming that ice is homogeneous, we introduce a perspective back-projection algorithm designed to process AGPR or RES data that directly searches for unobstructed refracted electromagnetic (EM) wave paths and focuses EM energy below the surface by computing path-specific travel times. The results from the 2D and 3D imaging tests indicate that the perspective back-projection algorithm can accurately image the ice–rock interface. However, Snell’s Law suggests that part of the energy may fail to propagate through the air–ice interface and reach either the ice–rock interface or the receivers in scenarios where the incident angle of an EM wave exceeds a certain threshold. This energy deficit can hinder the perspective back-projection algorithm from accurately imaging such ice–rock interfaces. Despite these limitations, the perspective back-projection algorithm remains a promising tool for imaging sub-ice interfaces in AGPR and RES ice detection. |
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| AbstractList | The deployment of traditional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems for ice detection on steep terrain presents substantial safety challenges for ground crews due to inaccessibility and hazardous working conditions. However, airborne GPR (AGPR) and radio echo sounding (RES) provide solutions to these difficulties. Assuming that ice is homogeneous, we introduce a perspective back-projection algorithm designed to process AGPR or RES data that directly searches for unobstructed refracted electromagnetic (EM) wave paths and focuses EM energy below the surface by computing path-specific travel times. The results from the 2D and 3D imaging tests indicate that the perspective back-projection algorithm can accurately image the ice–rock interface. However, Snell’s Law suggests that part of the energy may fail to propagate through the air–ice interface and reach either the ice–rock interface or the receivers in scenarios where the incident angle of an EM wave exceeds a certain threshold. This energy deficit can hinder the perspective back-projection algorithm from accurately imaging such ice–rock interfaces. Despite these limitations, the perspective back-projection algorithm remains a promising tool for imaging sub-ice interfaces in AGPR and RES ice detection. What are the main findings? Our algorithm can process airborne radar (AGPR/RES) data to image 2D/3D ice bed interfaces by tracing unobstructed refraction paths and directly calculating travel times. Based on Snell’s Law, when the incident angle of an electromagnetic wave exceeds the critical angle, its energy cannot penetrate the air–ice interface to reach the ice–rock interface or return to the receiver, which limits the effectiveness of imaging algorithms. What is the implication of the main finding? By accounting for obstructions in refraction path tracing, the BP-based algorithm discussed here reduces imaging errors in 2D/3D subglacial interface detection. Through analytical and numerical analyses of radar signal propagation characteristics under the constraints of Snell’s Law, this research provides a new mechanistic explanation for the weak-focusing phenomenon that may occur in ice rock interface imaging. The deployment of traditional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems for ice detection on steep terrain presents substantial safety challenges for ground crews due to inaccessibility and hazardous working conditions. However, airborne GPR (AGPR) and radio echo sounding (RES) provide solutions to these difficulties. Assuming that ice is homogeneous, we introduce a perspective back-projection algorithm designed to process AGPR or RES data that directly searches for unobstructed refracted electromagnetic (EM) wave paths and focuses EM energy below the surface by computing path-specific travel times. The results from the 2D and 3D imaging tests indicate that the perspective back-projection algorithm can accurately image the ice–rock interface. However, Snell’s Law suggests that part of the energy may fail to propagate through the air–ice interface and reach either the ice–rock interface or the receivers in scenarios where the incident angle of an EM wave exceeds a certain threshold. This energy deficit can hinder the perspective back-projection algorithm from accurately imaging such ice–rock interfaces. Despite these limitations, the perspective back-projection algorithm remains a promising tool for imaging sub-ice interfaces in AGPR and RES ice detection. |
| Author | Liu, Yuquan Zhu, Jinbiao Wang, Yingge Pan, Jie |
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| Snippet | The deployment of traditional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems for ice detection on steep terrain presents substantial safety challenges for ground crews... What are the main findings? Our algorithm can process airborne radar (AGPR/RES) data to image 2D/3D ice bed interfaces by tracing unobstructed refraction paths... |
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| SubjectTerms | Air-ice interface Airborne radar Algorithms Approximation Critical angle Data processing Echo sounding Electromagnetic radiation Energy Error reduction Ground crews Ground penetrating radar Ice Imaging Interfaces Obstructions Principles Propagation Radar Radio echoes Receivers & amplifiers Refraction Rocks Topography Tracing Transmitters Travel time Two dimensional analysis Water resources Working conditions |
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| Title | Perspective Back-Projection Algorithm: Interface Imaging for Airborne Ice Detection |
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