Diagnostic des pneumopathies à mycoplasme chez l’enfant

Depuis la fin de la pandémie de COVID-19, une hausse des pneumopathies, notamment bactériennes, a été observée, particulièrement chez les enfants et les jeunes adultes. Le réseau de surveillance OSCOUR a révélé que les pneumopathies d’origine bactérienne, comme celles dues à Mycoplasma pneumoniae, s...

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Published inJournal de pédiatrie et de puériculture Vol. 38; no. 2; pp. 79 - 86
Main Author Ashman, M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageFrench
Published Elsevier Masson SAS 01.04.2025
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0987-7983
DOI10.1016/j.jpp.2025.01.003

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Abstract Depuis la fin de la pandémie de COVID-19, une hausse des pneumopathies, notamment bactériennes, a été observée, particulièrement chez les enfants et les jeunes adultes. Le réseau de surveillance OSCOUR a révélé que les pneumopathies d’origine bactérienne, comme celles dues à Mycoplasma pneumoniae, sont en augmentation en 2023–2024. Cette recrudescence est plus marquée que lors des épidémies précédentes, possiblement en raison d’une dette immunitaire mais pas uniquement. Les infections respiratoires sont classées en hautes et basses, avec une cause virale majoritaire chez les enfants. Le diagnostic de pneumopathie repose sur des symptômes cliniques et des examens d’imagerie. La pneumopathie à M. pneumoniae représente 30 à 50 % des pneumopathies bactériennes documentées et se manifeste par une infection généralement bénigne, souvent décrite comme une « walking pneumonia », chez l’enfant de plus de 3 ans. Le diagnostic précis repose sur la PCR spécifique, bien que sa disponibilité soit limitée en ambulatoire. Il est donc fréquent que le diagnostic de certitude ne soit pas établi mais des algorithmes de prise en charge sont disponibles afin de limiter les prescriptions d’antibiothérapie aux vraies suspicions de pneumopathie bactérienne. En cas d’infection à M. pneumoniae, le traitement de première intention est basé sur les macrolides, et la bithérapie avec l’amoxicilline n’est pas recommandée en ambulatoire. Une bonne connaissance de la présentation clinique, souvent bénigne, des infections à M. pneumoniae et une utilisation accrue des tests rapides, de la CRP et de l’imagerie pulmonaire permettraient un diagnostic et une prise en charge adéquats des pneumopathies. Since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in pneumonia cases, particularly bacterial pneumonia, especially among children and young adults. The OSCOUR surveillance network has revealed that bacterial pneumonia, such as that caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, increases in 2023–2024. This resurgence is more pronounced than in previous epidemics, possibly due to an immunological debt, but not only. Respiratory tract infections are classified as upper and lower, with a predominant viral cause in children. The diagnosis of pneumonia relies on clinical symptoms and imaging. Pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae accounts for 30 to 50% of documented bacterial pneumonias and typically presents as a mild infection, often described as “walking pneumonia”, in children over 3 years old. Accurate diagnosis relies on specific PCR testing, although its availability in outpatient settings is limited. Therefore, it is common that a definitive diagnosis is not established, but management algorithms are available to limit antibiotic prescriptions to true suspicions of bacterial pneumonia. In cases of M. pneumoniae infection, the first-line treatment is based on macrolides, and combination therapy with amoxicillin is not recommended in outpatient settings. A good understanding of the clinical presentation of M. pneumoniae infections and increased use of rapid tests, CRP measurements, and pulmonary imaging would facilitate appropriate diagnosis and management of pneumonias.
AbstractList Depuis la fin de la pandémie de COVID-19, une hausse des pneumopathies, notamment bactériennes, a été observée, particulièrement chez les enfants et les jeunes adultes. Le réseau de surveillance OSCOUR a révélé que les pneumopathies d’origine bactérienne, comme celles dues à Mycoplasma pneumoniae, sont en augmentation en 2023–2024. Cette recrudescence est plus marquée que lors des épidémies précédentes, possiblement en raison d’une dette immunitaire mais pas uniquement. Les infections respiratoires sont classées en hautes et basses, avec une cause virale majoritaire chez les enfants. Le diagnostic de pneumopathie repose sur des symptômes cliniques et des examens d’imagerie. La pneumopathie à M. pneumoniae représente 30 à 50 % des pneumopathies bactériennes documentées et se manifeste par une infection généralement bénigne, souvent décrite comme une « walking pneumonia », chez l’enfant de plus de 3 ans. Le diagnostic précis repose sur la PCR spécifique, bien que sa disponibilité soit limitée en ambulatoire. Il est donc fréquent que le diagnostic de certitude ne soit pas établi mais des algorithmes de prise en charge sont disponibles afin de limiter les prescriptions d’antibiothérapie aux vraies suspicions de pneumopathie bactérienne. En cas d’infection à M. pneumoniae, le traitement de première intention est basé sur les macrolides, et la bithérapie avec l’amoxicilline n’est pas recommandée en ambulatoire. Une bonne connaissance de la présentation clinique, souvent bénigne, des infections à M. pneumoniae et une utilisation accrue des tests rapides, de la CRP et de l’imagerie pulmonaire permettraient un diagnostic et une prise en charge adéquats des pneumopathies. Since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in pneumonia cases, particularly bacterial pneumonia, especially among children and young adults. The OSCOUR surveillance network has revealed that bacterial pneumonia, such as that caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, increases in 2023–2024. This resurgence is more pronounced than in previous epidemics, possibly due to an immunological debt, but not only. Respiratory tract infections are classified as upper and lower, with a predominant viral cause in children. The diagnosis of pneumonia relies on clinical symptoms and imaging. Pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae accounts for 30 to 50% of documented bacterial pneumonias and typically presents as a mild infection, often described as “walking pneumonia”, in children over 3 years old. Accurate diagnosis relies on specific PCR testing, although its availability in outpatient settings is limited. Therefore, it is common that a definitive diagnosis is not established, but management algorithms are available to limit antibiotic prescriptions to true suspicions of bacterial pneumonia. In cases of M. pneumoniae infection, the first-line treatment is based on macrolides, and combination therapy with amoxicillin is not recommended in outpatient settings. A good understanding of the clinical presentation of M. pneumoniae infections and increased use of rapid tests, CRP measurements, and pulmonary imaging would facilitate appropriate diagnosis and management of pneumonias.
Author Ashman, M.
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Keywords Mycoplasme pneumoniae
Enfant
Respiratory infection
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pneumopathie
Infection respiratoire
Pneumopathy
Child
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Snippet Depuis la fin de la pandémie de COVID-19, une hausse des pneumopathies, notamment bactériennes, a été observée, particulièrement chez les enfants et les jeunes...
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SubjectTerms Child
Enfant
Infection respiratoire
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasme pneumoniae
Pneumopathie
Pneumopathy
Respiratory infection
Title Diagnostic des pneumopathies à mycoplasme chez l’enfant
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpp.2025.01.003
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