Transposable Elements versus the Fungal Genome: Impact on Whole-Genome Architecture and Transcriptional Profiles

Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive...

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Published inPLoS genetics Vol. 12; no. 6; p. e1006108
Main Authors Castanera, Raúl, López-Varas, Leticia, Borgognone, Alessandra, LaButti, Kurt, Lapidus, Alla, Schmutz, Jeremy, Grimwood, Jane, Pérez, Gúmer, Pisabarro, Antonio G., Grigoriev, Igor V., Stajich, Jason E., Ramírez, Lucía
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 13.06.2016
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1553-7404
1553-7390
1553-7404
DOI10.1371/journal.pgen.1006108

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Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation.
AbstractList Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation.
Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation.Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation.
Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation. Transposable elements (TEs) are enigmatic genetic units that have played important roles in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. Since their discovery in the 1950s, they have gained increasing attention and are known today as active genome modelers in multiple species. Although these elements have been widely studied in plants, much less is known about their occurrence and impact on the fungal kingdom. Using a diverse set of basidiomycete and ascomycete fungi, we quantified and characterized a huge diversity of DNA and RNA transposable elements, and we identified species that had 0.02 to 29.8% of their genomes occupied by transposable elements. In addition, using our basidiomycete model Pleurotus ostreatus , we demonstrated how TE insertions produced detrimental effects on the expression of upstream and downstream genes, which were downregulated compared with the control groups. This silencing mechanism was present in the basidiomycetes tested but exhibited a patchy distribution in ascomycetes, and might be related to specific genome defense mechanisms that control transposon proliferation. This finding reveals the broader impact of transposable elements in fungi. In addition to their importance as long-term evolutionary forces, they play major roles in the more dynamic transcriptome regulation of certain species.
  Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the TE content in 18 fungal genomes, including strains of the same species and species of the same genera. Our results depicted a scenario of exceptional variability, with species having 0.02 to 29.8% of their genome consisting of transposable elements. A detailed analysis performed on two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus uncovered a genome that is populated mainly by Class I elements, especially LTR-retrotransposons amplified in recent bursts from 0 to 2 million years (My) ago. The preferential accumulation of TEs in clusters led to the presence of genomic regions that lacked intra- and inter-specific conservation. In addition, we investigated the effect of TE insertions on the expression of their nearby upstream and downstream genes. Our results showed that an important number of genes under TE influence are significantly repressed, with stronger repression when genes are localized within transposon clusters. Our transcriptional analysis performed in four additional fungal models revealed that this TE-mediated silencing was present only in species with active cytosine methylation machinery. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is related to epigenetic defense mechanisms that are aimed to suppress TE expression and control their proliferation.
Audience Academic
Author LaButti, Kurt
Ramírez, Lucía
Schmutz, Jeremy
Borgognone, Alessandra
Pérez, Gúmer
Pisabarro, Antonio G.
López-Varas, Leticia
Lapidus, Alla
Castanera, Raúl
Grimwood, Jane
Grigoriev, Igor V.
Stajich, Jason E.
AuthorAffiliation 2 U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
3 Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
4 Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
University of Utah School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
1 Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
5 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Genetics and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
– name: University of Utah School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
– name: 4 Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
– name: 5 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
– name: 3 Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
– name: 2 U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
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  surname: Castanera
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  fullname: Borgognone, Alessandra
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  fullname: Schmutz, Jeremy
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  fullname: Grimwood, Jane
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  orcidid: 0000-0003-2153-1962
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  surname: Ramírez
  fullname: Ramírez, Lucía
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294409$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1378343$$D View this record in Osti.gov
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science
2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: the Fungal Genome: Impact on Whole-Genome Architecture and Transcriptional Profiles. PLoS Genet 12(6): e1006108. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006108
2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: the Fungal Genome: Impact on Whole-Genome Architecture and Transcriptional Profiles. PLoS Genet 12(6): e1006108. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006108
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science
– notice: 2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: the Fungal Genome: Impact on Whole-Genome Architecture and Transcriptional Profiles. PLoS Genet 12(6): e1006108. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006108
– notice: 2016 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: the Fungal Genome: Impact on Whole-Genome Architecture and Transcriptional Profiles. PLoS Genet 12(6): e1006108. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006108
CorporateAuthor Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
CorporateAuthor_xml – name: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
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Snippet Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species...
  Transposable elements (TEs) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity. Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species...
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StartPage e1006108
SubjectTerms 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES
Ascomycota - genetics
Base Sequence
BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Biology and Life Sciences
Datasets
Defense mechanisms
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA methylation
DNA sequencing
DNA Transposable Elements - genetics
DNA, Fungal - genetics
Epigenetics
Eukaryotes
Fungi
Gene expression
Genome, Fungal - genetics
Genomes
Methods
Mutation
Observations
Phylogenetics
Physiological aspects
Pleurotus - genetics
Pleurotus ostreatus
Proteins
Research and Analysis Methods
Retroelements - genetics
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Studies
Transcription (Genetics)
Transcription, Genetic - genetics
Transposons
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Title Transposable Elements versus the Fungal Genome: Impact on Whole-Genome Architecture and Transcriptional Profiles
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294409
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1805469871
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1797254724
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1808738254
https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1378343
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4905642
https://doaj.org/article/38ec6998c8c446bbb15a7116cb60896c
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006108
Volume 12
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