Direct and indirect costs of diabetes mellitus in Mali: A case-control study

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 12; no. 5; p. e0176128
• Main Authors: Bermudez-Tamayo, Clara, Besançon, Stéphane, Johri, Mira, Assa, Sidibe, Brown, Jonathan Betz, Ramaiya, Kaushik
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 18.05.2017; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adults; Age; Analysis; Cardiovascular diseases; Care and treatment; Case studies; Case-Control Studies; Children; Cities; Complications; Coronary artery disease; Cost engineering; Cost estimates; Cost of Illness; Costs; Data acquisition; Data collection; Demographics; Demography; Developed countries; Developing countries; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus - economics; Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology; Diabetic neuropathy; Diagnosis; Diseases; Economic aspects; Economic impact; Economics; Estimates; Female; Flow charts; Format; GDP; Gross Domestic Product; Health care; Health care costs; Health care expenditures; Health promotion; Health services; Heart; Heart diseases; Humans; Income; Ischemia; Laboratory tests; LDCs; Life span; Male; Mali - epidemiology; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mental depression; Middle Aged; Nephropathy; Neuropathy; People and Places; Population; Productivity; Public health; Quality of life; Resource allocation; Retinopathy; Retrospective Studies; Risk; Sedentary Lifestyle; Social Sciences; Stroke; Transformation; Urbanization; Mali
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176128

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most burdensome chronic diseases and is associated with shorter lifetime, diminished quality of life and economic burdens on the patient and society as a result of healthcare, medication, and reduced labor market participation. We aimed to estimate the direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect costs of DM and compare them with those of people without DM (ND), as well as the cost predictors. Observational retrospective case-control study performed in Mali. Participants were identified and randomly selected from diabetes registries. We recruited 500 subjects with DM and 500 subjects without DM, matched by sex and age. We conducted structured, personal interviews. Costs were expressed for a 90-day period. Direct medical costs comprised: inpatient stays, ICU, laboratory tests and other hospital visits, specialist and primary care doctor visits, others, traditional practitioners, and medication. Direct non-medical costs comprised travel for treatment and paid caregivers. The indirect costs include the productivity losses by patients and caregivers, and absenteeism. We estimate a two-part model by type of service and a linear multiple regression model for the total cost. We found that total costs of persons with DM were almost 4 times higher than total cost of people without DM. Total costs were $77.08 and $281.92 for ND and DM, respectively, with a difference of $204.84. Healthcare use and costs were dramatically higher for people with DM than for people with normal glucose tolerance and, in relative terms, much higher than in developed countries.