Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation

Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light–matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms 1 , trapped ions 2 , 3 , quantum dots 4 and defect centres 5 . Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quan...

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Published inNature (London) Vol. 600; no. 7890; pp. 653 - 658
Main Authors Henke, Jan-Wilke, Raja, Arslan Sajid, Feist, Armin, Huang, Guanhao, Arend, Germaine, Yang, Yujia, Kappert, F. Jasmin, Wang, Rui Ning, Möller, Marcel, Pan, Jiahe, Liu, Junqiu, Kfir, Ofer, Ropers, Claus, Kippenberg, Tobias J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 23.12.2021
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
140/125
142/126
639/624/400/1103
639/624/400/482
639/766/483/1255
639/766/483/3924
Analysis
Attosecond pulses
Continuous radiation
Electron beams
Electron energy
Electron microscopy
Electron states
Energy
Entanglement
Free electrons
Humanities and Social Sciences
Influence
Laser applications
Lasers
Light
Light scattering
Methods
Microscopy
Modulators
multidisciplinary
Phase matching
Phase modulation
Photonics
Propagation
Radiation
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Sidebands
Silicon
Silicon nitride
Spectrum analysis
Waveguides
Switzerland
Germany
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0028-0836
1476-4687
1476-4687
DOI10.1038/s41586-021-04197-5

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Abstract Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light–matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms 1 , trapped ions 2 , 3 , quantum dots 4 and defect centres 5 . Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization 6 – 11 , enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks 12 – 14 , attosecond electron pulses 10 , 15 – 17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging 18 . Chip-based photonics 19 , 20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse ( Q 0  ≈ 10 6 ) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron–light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy 21 . The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron–light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates 22 , beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains 23 , resonantly enhanced spectroscopy 24 – 26 and dielectric laser acceleration 19 , 20 , 27 . Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics 28 – 31 , with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron–photon entanglement. A silicon nitride microresonator is used for coherent phase modulation of a transmission electron microscope beam, with future applications in combining high-resolution microscopy with spectroscopy, holography and metrology.
AbstractList Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light–matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms 1 , trapped ions 2 , 3 , quantum dots 4 and defect centres 5 . Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization 6 – 11 , enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks 12 – 14 , attosecond electron pulses 10 , 15 – 17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging 18 . Chip-based photonics 19 , 20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse ( Q 0  ≈ 10 6 ) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron–light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy 21 . The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron–light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates 22 , beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains 23 , resonantly enhanced spectroscopy 24 – 26 and dielectric laser acceleration 19 , 20 , 27 . Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics 28 – 31 , with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron–photon entanglement. A silicon nitride microresonator is used for coherent phase modulation of a transmission electron microscope beam, with future applications in combining high-resolution microscopy with spectroscopy, holography and metrology.
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms.sup.1, trapped ions.sup.2,3, quantum dots.sup.4 and defect centres.sup.5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization.sup.6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks.sup.12-14, attosecond electron pulses.sup.10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging.sup.18. Chip-based photonics.sup.19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q.sub.0 [almost equal to] 10.sup.6) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy.sup.21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates.sup.22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains.sup.23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy.sup.24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration.sup.19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics.sup.28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms , trapped ions , quantum dots and defect centres . Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization , enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks , attosecond electron pulses and holographic electromagnetic imaging . Chip-based photonics promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q  ≈ 10 ) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy . The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates , beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains , resonantly enhanced spectroscopy and dielectric laser acceleration . Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics , with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12-14, attosecond electron pulses10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12-14, attosecond electron pulses10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12-14, attosecond electron pulses10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electronenergy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electronphoton entanglement.
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms.sup.1, trapped ions.sup.2,3, quantum dots.sup.4 and defect centres.sup.5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization.sup.6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks.sup.12-14, attosecond electron pulses.sup.10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging.sup.18. Chip-based photonics.sup.19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q.sub.0 [almost equal to] 10.sup.6) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy.sup.21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates.sup.22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains.sup.23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy.sup.24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration.sup.19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics.sup.28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement. A silicon nitride microresonator is used for coherent phase modulation of a transmission electron microscope beam, with future applications in combining high-resolution microscopy with spectroscopy, holography and metrology.
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light–matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms 1 , trapped ions 2,3 , quantum dots 4 and defect centres 5 . Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization 6–11 , enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks 12–14 , attosecond electron pulses 10,15–17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging 18 . Chip-based photonics 19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse ( Q 0  ≈ 10 6 ) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron–light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy 21 . The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron–light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates 22 , beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains 23 , resonantly enhanced spectroscopy 24–26 and dielectric laser acceleration 19,20,27 . Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics 28–31 , with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron–photon entanglement.
Audience Academic
Author Raja, Arslan Sajid
Huang, Guanhao
Feist, Armin
Kappert, F. Jasmin
Yang, Yujia
Arend, Germaine
Liu, Junqiu
Henke, Jan-Wilke
Ropers, Claus
Kfir, Ofer
Wang, Rui Ning
Möller, Marcel
Kippenberg, Tobias J.
Pan, Jiahe
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  organization: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
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  surname: Feist
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  organization: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL
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  surname: Liu
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-9539-3817
  surname: Ropers
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  organization: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-3408-886X
  surname: Kippenberg
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  email: tobias.kippenberg@epfl.ch
  organization: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34937900$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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10.1038/ncomms11230
10.1126/science.1179314
10.1364/OE.25.019195
10.1038/nature22387
10.1103/RevModPhys.86.1337
10.1126/sciadv.abf6380
10.1126/science.abj7128
10.1038/nature08662
10.1088/1367-2630/12/12/123028
10.1038/s41567-020-01042-w
10.1021/nl1034732
10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.005
10.1117/12.2601565
10.22443/rms.emc2020.1040
10.1016/bs.aiep.2019.08.005
10.1126/science.aan8083
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2021. The Author(s).
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Snippet Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light–matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms 1 , trapped ions 2 ,...
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light–matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms 1 , trapped ions 2,3...
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms , trapped ions ,...
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms.sup.1, trapped...
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3,...
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SubjectTerms 140/125
142/126
639/624/400/1103
639/624/400/482
639/766/483/1255
639/766/483/3924
Analysis
Attosecond pulses
Continuous radiation
Electron beams
Electron energy
Electron microscopy
Electron states
Energy
Entanglement
Free electrons
Humanities and Social Sciences
Influence
Laser applications
Lasers
Light
Light scattering
Methods
Microscopy
Modulators
multidisciplinary
Phase matching
Phase modulation
Photonics
Propagation
Radiation
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Sidebands
Silicon
Silicon nitride
Spectrum analysis
Waveguides
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Title Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation
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