Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women
Background Vitamin K 2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K 2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is kn...
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| Published in | Nutrition journal Vol. 11; no. 1; pp. 93 - 545 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
12.11.2012
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1475-2891 1475-2891 |
| DOI | 10.1186/1475-2891-11-93 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
Vitamin K
2
contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K
2
homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women.
Findings
Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects.
Conclusions
We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Background Vitamin K.sub.2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K.sub.2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women. Findings Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 [mu]g; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 [mu]g; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 [mu]g; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 [mu]g; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects. Conclusions We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. Keywords: Vitamin K.sub.2, Menaquinone-4, Menaquinone-7, Bioavailability, Absorption Vitamin K.sub.2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K.sub.2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women. Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 [mu]g; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 [mu]g; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 [mu]g; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 [mu]g; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects. We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. Vitamin K₂ contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K₂ homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women. Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects. We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. BACKGROUND: Vitamin K₂ contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K₂ homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women. FINDINGS: Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. Background Vitamin K 2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K 2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women. Findings Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects. Conclusions We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. Vitamin K₂ contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K₂ homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women.BACKGROUNDVitamin K₂ contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K₂ homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women.Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects.FINDINGSSingle dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects.We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues.CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. Abstract Background Vitamin K2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women. Findings Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects. Conclusions We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. Doc number: 93 Abstract Background: Vitamin K2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used as nutrients by the food industry and as nutritional supplements to support bone and cardiovascular health. However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutritional MK-4. To investigate MK-4 and MK-7 bioavailability, nutritional doses were administered to healthy Japanese women. Findings: Single dose administration of MK-4 (420 μg; 945 nmol) or MK-7 (420 μg; 647 nmol) was given in the morning together with standardized breakfast. MK-7 was well absorbed and reached maximal serum level at 6 h after intake and was detected up to 48 h after intake. MK-4 was not detectable in the serum of all subjects at any time point. Consecutive administration of MK-4 (60 μg; 135 nmol) or MK-7 (60 μg; 92 nmol) for 7 days demonstrated that MK-4 supplementation did not increase serum MK-4 levels. However, consecutive administration of MK-7 increased serum MK-7 levels significantly in all subjects. Conclusions: We conclude that MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues. |
| ArticleNumber | 93 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Schurgers, Leon J Uenishi, Kazuhiro Sato, Toshiro |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands 1 Fine Chemical Laboratory, J-OIL MILLS, INC, 1746 Nakashinden, Fukuroi-city, Shizuoka, 437-1111, Japan 3 Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-2, Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0288, Japan |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Fine Chemical Laboratory, J-OIL MILLS, INC, 1746 Nakashinden, Fukuroi-city, Shizuoka, 437-1111, Japan – name: 3 Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-2, Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0288, Japan – name: 2 Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Toshiro surname: Sato fullname: Sato, Toshiro email: toshiro.sato@j-oil.com organization: Fine Chemical Laboratory, J-OIL MILLS, INC – sequence: 2 givenname: Leon J surname: Schurgers fullname: Schurgers, Leon J organization: Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University Maastricht – sequence: 3 givenname: Kazuhiro surname: Uenishi fullname: Uenishi, Kazuhiro organization: Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140417$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Sato et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012 COPYRIGHT 2012 BioMed Central Ltd. 2012 Sato et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright ©2012 Sato et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012 Sato et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. |
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| Keywords | Menaquinone-4 Absorption Bioavailability Menaquinone-7 Vitamin K |
| Language | English |
| License | http://www.springer.com/tdm This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
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| References | MM Groenen-van Dooren (545_CR3) 1995; 50 MJ Shearer (545_CR7) 2008; 100 EC Cranenburg (545_CR1) 2007; 98 LJ Schurgers (545_CR14) 2002; 1570 T Ichikawa (545_CR12) 2006; 281 LJ Schurgers (545_CR2) 2000; 30 A Ito (545_CR13) 2011; 10 S Kimura (545_CR9) 1992; 38 MJ van Summeren (545_CR16) 2009; 102 LJ Schurgers (545_CR5) 2007; 109 F Brugè (545_CR17) 2011; 106 A Takeuchi (545_CR15) 2005; 26 ML Chatrou (545_CR8) 2012; 31 HH Thijssen (545_CR10) 2006; 95 T Sato (545_CR18) 2007; 81 T Sato (545_CR4) 2002; 87 Y Fang (545_CR6) 2012; 30 K Nakagawa (545_CR11) 2010; 468 |
| References_xml | – volume: 87 start-page: 307 year: 2002 ident: 545_CR4 publication-title: Br J Nutr doi: 10.1079/BJN2001519 – volume: 30 start-page: 60 year: 2012 ident: 545_CR6 publication-title: J Bone Miner Metab doi: 10.1007/s00774-011-0287-3 – volume: 81 start-page: 377 year: 2007 ident: 545_CR18 publication-title: Vitamins (Japan) – volume: 109 start-page: 3279 year: 2007 ident: 545_CR5 publication-title: Blood doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709 – volume: 95 start-page: 260 year: 2006 ident: 545_CR10 publication-title: Br J Nutr doi: 10.1079/BJN20051630 – volume: 30 start-page: 298 year: 2000 ident: 545_CR2 publication-title: Haemostasis – volume: 100 start-page: 530 year: 2008 ident: 545_CR7 publication-title: Thromb Haemost doi: 10.1160/TH08-03-0147 – volume: 10 start-page: 158 year: 2011 ident: 545_CR13 publication-title: Lipids Health Dis doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-158 – volume: 1570 start-page: 27 year: 2002 ident: 545_CR14 publication-title: Biochim Biophys Acta doi: 10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00147-2 – volume: 31 start-page: 251 year: 2012 ident: 545_CR8 publication-title: Hämostaseologie doi: 10.5482/ha-1157 – volume: 281 start-page: 16927 year: 2006 ident: 545_CR12 publication-title: J Biol Chem doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600896200 – volume: 468 start-page: 117 year: 2010 ident: 545_CR11 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature09464 – volume: 102 start-page: 1171 year: 2009 ident: 545_CR16 publication-title: Br J Nutr doi: 10.1017/S0007114509382100 – volume: 98 start-page: 120 year: 2007 ident: 545_CR1 publication-title: Thromb Haemost doi: 10.1160/TH07-04-0266 – volume: 26 start-page: 254 year: 2005 ident: 545_CR15 publication-title: J Jpn Soc Clin Nutr – volume: 106 start-page: 1058 year: 2011 ident: 545_CR17 publication-title: Br J Nutr doi: 10.1017/S0007114511001425 – volume: 50 start-page: 797 year: 1995 ident: 545_CR3 publication-title: Biochem Pharmacol doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00202-B – volume: 38 start-page: 425 issue: suppl year: 1992 ident: 545_CR9 publication-title: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) doi: 10.3177/jnsv.38.Special_425 |
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| Snippet | Background
Vitamin K
2
contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K
2
homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7),... Vitamin K₂ contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K₂ homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have been used... Vitamin K.sub.2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K.sub.2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have... Background Vitamin K.sub.2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K.sub.2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7... Doc number: 93 Abstract Background: Vitamin K2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and... BACKGROUND: Vitamin K₂ contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K₂ homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), have... Abstract Background Vitamin K2 contributes to bone and cardiovascular health. Therefore, two vitamin K2 homologues, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7... |
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| SubjectTerms | Absorption Adult Age analogs & derivatives Bioavailability blood Bone Density Conservation Agents Bone Density Conservation Agents - blood Bone Density Conservation Agents - metabolism bones Breakfast Cardiovascular Agents Cardiovascular Agents - blood Cardiovascular Agents - metabolism Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Clinical Nutrition Comparative analysis Dietary Supplements Dietary supplements industry Female Females food industry Food, Fortified foods Health aspects Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Humans Intestinal Absorption Kinetics Limit of Detection Medicine Medicine & Public Health Menaquinone-4 Menaquinone-7 metabolism nutrients Nutrition Nutrition research nutritional support Nutritive Value Short Report Spectrometry, Fluorescence vitamin K Vitamin K 2 Vitamin K 2 - analogs & derivatives Vitamin K 2 - blood Vitamin K 2 - metabolism Vitamin K2 Vitamins Women Young Adult |
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| Title | Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women |
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