A quantitative brain map of experimental cerebral malaria pathology
The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria (HCM). However, it has been proposed that the aetiologies of ECM and HCM are distinct, and, consequently, no useful mechanistic insights into the...
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| Published in | PLoS pathogens Vol. 13; no. 3; p. e1006267 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
08.03.2017
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1553-7374 1553-7366 1553-7374 |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006267 |
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| Abstract | The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria (HCM). However, it has been proposed that the aetiologies of ECM and HCM are distinct, and, consequently, no useful mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of HCM can be obtained from studying the ECM model. Therefore, in order to determine the similarities and differences in the pathology of ECM and HCM, we have performed the first spatial and quantitative histopathological assessment of the ECM syndrome. We demonstrate that the accumulation of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain capillaries is a specific feature of ECM that is not observed during mild murine malaria infections. Critically, we show that individual pRBCs appear to occlude murine brain capillaries during ECM. As pRBC-mediated congestion of brain microvessels is a hallmark of HCM, this suggests that the impact of parasite accumulation on cerebral blood flow may ultimately be similar in mice and humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that cerebrovascular CD8+ T-cells appear to co-localise with accumulated pRBCs, an event that corresponds with development of widespread vascular leakage. As in HCM, we show that vascular leakage is not dependent on extensive vascular destruction. Instead, we show that vascular leakage is associated with alterations in transcellular and paracellular transport mechanisms. Finally, as in HCM, we observed axonal injury and demyelination in ECM adjacent to diverse vasculopathies. Collectively, our data therefore shows that, despite very different presentation, and apparently distinct mechanisms, of parasite accumulation, there appear to be a number of comparable features of cerebral pathology in mice and in humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Thus, when used appropriately, the ECM model may be useful for studying specific pathological features of HCM. |
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| AbstractList | The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria (HCM). However, it has been proposed that the aetiologies of ECM and HCM are distinct, and, consequently, no useful mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of HCM can be obtained from studying the ECM model. Therefore, in order to determine the similarities and differences in the pathology of ECM and HCM, we have performed the first spatial and quantitative histopathological assessment of the ECM syndrome. We demonstrate that the accumulation of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain capillaries is a specific feature of ECM that is not observed during mild murine malaria infections. Critically, we show that individual pRBCs appear to occlude murine brain capillaries during ECM. As pRBC-mediated congestion of brain microvessels is a hallmark of HCM, this suggests that the impact of parasite accumulation on cerebral blood flow may ultimately be similar in mice and humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that cerebrovascular CD8
+
T-cells appear to co-localise with accumulated pRBCs, an event that corresponds with development of widespread vascular leakage. As in HCM, we show that vascular leakage is not dependent on extensive vascular destruction. Instead, we show that vascular leakage is associated with alterations in transcellular and paracellular transport mechanisms. Finally, as in HCM, we observed axonal injury and demyelination in ECM adjacent to diverse vasculopathies. Collectively, our data therefore shows that, despite very different presentation, and apparently distinct mechanisms, of parasite accumulation, there appear to be a number of comparable features of cerebral pathology in mice and in humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Thus, when used appropriately, the ECM model may be useful for studying specific pathological features of HCM.
Cerebral malaria (HCM) is the most severe complication of malaria infection. Despite this, we have an incomplete understanding of the cause (pathogenesis) of the syndrome. To improve our understanding of HCM pathogenesis, animal models of the syndrome have been developed. The most commonly used model is the murine experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model. However, to date, there has not been a detailed investigation of the pathology of ECM using the same methodological approaches (histopathology) employed in the study of HCM. Thus, it has been unclear whether ECM is a valid model for HCM. In this histopathological study, we show that, as in HCM, cerebrovascular parasite accumulation is an important feature of ECM. However, unlike HCM, we did not observe large numbers of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) attached to the walls of cerebral blood vessels during ECM; instead individual pRBCs were trapped in narrow murine brain capillaries. Nevertheless, despite this, we showed that cerebrovascular parasites were still associated with disturbed blood flow, vascular leakage and impaired neuronal function in ECM, in a similar fashion to that reported in HCM. Therefore, our results define the specific aspects of HCM pathology that can potentially be studied within the ECM model. The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria (HCM). However, it has been proposed that the aetiologies of ECM and HCM are distinct, and, consequently, no useful mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of HCM can be obtained from studying the ECM model. Therefore, in order to determine the similarities and differences in the pathology of ECM and HCM, we have performed the first spatial and quantitative histopathological assessment of the ECM syndrome. We demonstrate that the accumulation of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain capillaries is a specific feature of ECM that is not observed during mild murine malaria infections. Critically, we show that individual pRBCs appear to occlude murine brain capillaries during ECM. As pRBC-mediated congestion of brain microvessels is a hallmark of HCM, this suggests that the impact of parasite accumulation on cerebral blood flow may ultimately be similar in mice and humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that cerebrovascular CD8+ T-cells appear to co-localise with accumulated pRBCs, an event that corresponds with development of widespread vascular leakage. As in HCM, we show that vascular leakage is not dependent on extensive vascular destruction. Instead, we show that vascular leakage is associated with alterations in transcellular and paracellular transport mechanisms. Finally, as in HCM, we observed axonal injury and demyelination in ECM adjacent to diverse vasculopathies. Collectively, our data therefore shows that, despite very different presentation, and apparently distinct mechanisms, of parasite accumulation, there appear to be a number of comparable features of cerebral pathology in mice and in humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Thus, when used appropriately, the ECM model may be useful for studying specific pathological features of HCM. The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria (HCM). However, it has been proposed that the aetiologies of ECM and HCM are distinct, and, consequently, no useful mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of HCM can be obtained from studying the ECM model. Therefore, in order to determine the similarities and differences in the pathology of ECM and HCM, we have performed the first spatial and quantitative histopathological assessment of the ECM syndrome. We demonstrate that the accumulation of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain capillaries is a specific feature of ECM that is not observed during mild murine malaria infections. Critically, we show that individual pRBCs appear to occlude murine brain capillaries during ECM. As pRBC-mediated congestion of brain microvessels is a hallmark of HCM, this suggests that the impact of parasite accumulation on cerebral blood flow may ultimately be similar in mice and humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that cerebrovascular CD8+ T-cells appear to co-localise with accumulated pRBCs, an event that corresponds with development of widespread vascular leakage. As in HCM, we show that vascular leakage is not dependent on extensive vascular destruction. Instead, we show that vascular leakage is associated with alterations in transcellular and paracellular transport mechanisms. Finally, as in HCM, we observed axonal injury and demyelination in ECM adjacent to diverse vasculopathies. Collectively, our data therefore shows that, despite very different presentation, and apparently distinct mechanisms, of parasite accumulation, there appear to be a number of comparable features of cerebral pathology in mice and in humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Thus, when used appropriately, the ECM model may be useful for studying specific pathological features of HCM.The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria (HCM). However, it has been proposed that the aetiologies of ECM and HCM are distinct, and, consequently, no useful mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of HCM can be obtained from studying the ECM model. Therefore, in order to determine the similarities and differences in the pathology of ECM and HCM, we have performed the first spatial and quantitative histopathological assessment of the ECM syndrome. We demonstrate that the accumulation of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain capillaries is a specific feature of ECM that is not observed during mild murine malaria infections. Critically, we show that individual pRBCs appear to occlude murine brain capillaries during ECM. As pRBC-mediated congestion of brain microvessels is a hallmark of HCM, this suggests that the impact of parasite accumulation on cerebral blood flow may ultimately be similar in mice and humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that cerebrovascular CD8+ T-cells appear to co-localise with accumulated pRBCs, an event that corresponds with development of widespread vascular leakage. As in HCM, we show that vascular leakage is not dependent on extensive vascular destruction. Instead, we show that vascular leakage is associated with alterations in transcellular and paracellular transport mechanisms. Finally, as in HCM, we observed axonal injury and demyelination in ECM adjacent to diverse vasculopathies. Collectively, our data therefore shows that, despite very different presentation, and apparently distinct mechanisms, of parasite accumulation, there appear to be a number of comparable features of cerebral pathology in mice and in humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Thus, when used appropriately, the ECM model may be useful for studying specific pathological features of HCM. The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria (HCM). However, it has been proposed that the aetiologies of ECM and HCM are distinct, and, consequently, no useful mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of HCM can be obtained from studying the ECM model. Therefore, in order to determine the similarities and differences in the pathology of ECM and HCM, we have performed the first spatial and quantitative histopathological assessment of the ECM syndrome. We demonstrate that the accumulation of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain capillaries is a specific feature of ECM that is not observed during mild murine malaria infections. Critically, we show that individual pRBCs appear to occlude murine brain capillaries during ECM. As pRBC-mediated congestion of brain microvessels is a hallmark of HCM, this suggests that the impact of parasite accumulation on cerebral blood flow may ultimately be similar in mice and humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate that cerebrovascular CD8.sup.+ T-cells appear to co-localise with accumulated pRBCs, an event that corresponds with development of widespread vascular leakage. As in HCM, we show that vascular leakage is not dependent on extensive vascular destruction. Instead, we show that vascular leakage is associated with alterations in transcellular and paracellular transport mechanisms. Finally, as in HCM, we observed axonal injury and demyelination in ECM adjacent to diverse vasculopathies. Collectively, our data therefore shows that, despite very different presentation, and apparently distinct mechanisms, of parasite accumulation, there appear to be a number of comparable features of cerebral pathology in mice and in humans during ECM and HCM, respectively. Thus, when used appropriately, the ECM model may be useful for studying specific pathological features of HCM. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Mironov, Aleksandr Craig, Alister G. Schwartz, Jean-Marc Greig, Rachel Shaw, Tovah N. Allan, Stuart M. Cruickshank, Sheena M. Strangward, Patrick Couper, Kevin N. Haley, Michael J. de Souza, J. Brian Milner, Danny A. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Department of Pathology, The Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America Queensland Institute of Medical Research, AUSTRALIA 1 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 2 Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom 3 Department of Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom – name: 1 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom – name: 2 Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom – name: 4 Department of Pathology, The Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America – name: Queensland Institute of Medical Research, AUSTRALIA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Patrick orcidid: 0000-0001-5952-2864 surname: Strangward fullname: Strangward, Patrick – sequence: 2 givenname: Michael J. orcidid: 0000-0003-2485-8485 surname: Haley fullname: Haley, Michael J. – sequence: 3 givenname: Tovah N. orcidid: 0000-0002-8107-2836 surname: Shaw fullname: Shaw, Tovah N. – sequence: 4 givenname: Jean-Marc surname: Schwartz fullname: Schwartz, Jean-Marc – sequence: 5 givenname: Rachel surname: Greig fullname: Greig, Rachel – sequence: 6 givenname: Aleksandr surname: Mironov fullname: Mironov, Aleksandr – sequence: 7 givenname: J. Brian surname: de Souza fullname: de Souza, J. Brian – sequence: 8 givenname: Sheena M. surname: Cruickshank fullname: Cruickshank, Sheena M. – sequence: 9 givenname: Alister G. surname: Craig fullname: Craig, Alister G. – sequence: 10 givenname: Danny A. surname: Milner fullname: Milner, Danny A. – sequence: 11 givenname: Stuart M. surname: Allan fullname: Allan, Stuart M. – sequence: 12 givenname: Kevin N. orcidid: 0000-0003-4659-8960 surname: Couper fullname: Couper, Kevin N. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28273147$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Strangward P, Haley MJ, Shaw TN, Schwartz J-M, Greig R, Mironov A, et al. (2017) A quantitative brain map of experimental cerebral malaria pathology. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006267 2017 Strangward et al 2017 Strangward et al 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Strangward P, Haley MJ, Shaw TN, Schwartz J-M, Greig R, Mironov A, et al. (2017) A quantitative brain map of experimental cerebral malaria pathology. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006267 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science – notice: 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Strangward P, Haley MJ, Shaw TN, Schwartz J-M, Greig R, Mironov A, et al. (2017) A quantitative brain map of experimental cerebral malaria pathology. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006267 – notice: 2017 Strangward et al 2017 Strangward et al – notice: 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Strangward P, Haley MJ, Shaw TN, Schwartz J-M, Greig R, Mironov A, et al. (2017) A quantitative brain map of experimental cerebral malaria pathology. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006267 |
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| Snippet | The murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) has been utilised extensively in recent years to study the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria... |
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| SubjectTerms | Accumulation Adults Alzheimer's disease Angiogenesis Animal models Animals Apoptosis Biochemistry Biology Biology and Life Sciences Blood cells Blood flow Blood vessels Blood-brain barrier Brain Brain - parasitology Brain - pathology Brain mapping Breast cancer Capillaries Careers Central nervous system Central nervous system diseases Cerebrovascular system Children Complications Data acquisition Data collection Demyelination Destruction Disease Models, Animal Erythrocytes - parasitology Female Fluorescent Antibody Technique Health aspects Hemodynamics Histopathology Historical account Humans Hygiene Hypoxia Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Immunohistochemistry Immunology Infections Infectious diseases Inflammation Injuries Life cycles Malaria Malaria, Cerebral - parasitology Malaria, Cerebral - pathology Male Medical research Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Microscopy, Electron, Transmission Mortality Nervous system Parasites Pathological histology Pathology Permeability Plasmodium berghei Rodents Stimulation Sun Tropical diseases Tumors Vascular endothelial growth factor Vector-borne diseases β-Amyloid |
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| Title | A quantitative brain map of experimental cerebral malaria pathology |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28273147 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1900162964 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1879657936 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5358898 https://doaj.org/article/b7f72bd026ef44539bd0bcf64d00434f http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006267 |
| Volume | 13 |
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