Enhanced aerobic exercise performance in women by a combination of three mineral Chelates plus two conditionally essential nutrients
Background Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance. Methods For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women...
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| Published in | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Vol. 14; no. 1; p. 42 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
13.11.2017
BioMed Central Ltd Taylor & Francis Ltd Taylor & Francis Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1550-2783 1550-2783 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12970-017-0199-2 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance.
Methods
For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (
n
= 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (
n
= 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome).
Results
In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min,
p
< 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles,
p
< 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5,
p
< 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen’s D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen’s D).
Conclusion
In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance.
For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (
= 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (
= 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome).
In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min,
< 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles,
< 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5,
< 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen's D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen's D).
In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women. Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance.BACKGROUNDCertain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance.For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (n = 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (n = 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome).METHODSFor 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (n = 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (n = 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome).In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min, p < 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles, p < 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen's D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen's D).RESULTSIn Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min, p < 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles, p < 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen's D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen's D).In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women.CONCLUSIONIn summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women. Background Micronutrient functions are needed for aerobic exercise. [...]aerobic performance should be helped by optimal intake of these nutrients including trace minerals. For zinc, in one USA diet survey, for about 40% of the women, intake fell below the RDA [11]. [...]the zinc RDAs may not even be set high enough [12, 13]. In similar work, moderately high zinc intake can raise lung levels of glutathione, an antioxidant, in swim trained rats [5]. Besides essential minerals, conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) also hold relevance to exercise. In the present study, in both trials, an effect was seen in the run time results. [...]in the present intervention, some mechanisms differed from those seen with the carbohydrate interventions. Background Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance. Methods For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (n = 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (n = 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome). Results In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min, p < 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles, p < 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen’s D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen’s D). Conclusion In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women. Background Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance. Methods For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo ( n = 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo ( n = 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome). Results In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min, p < 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles, p < 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen’s D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen’s D). Conclusion In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women. BACKGROUND: Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such nutrient combinations has not actually been shown to improve such performance. METHODS: For 1 mo, aerobically fit, young adult women took either a combination of 3 mineral glycinate complexes (daily dose: 36 mg iron, 15 mg zinc, and 2 mg copper) + 2 CENs (daily dose: 2 g carnitine and 400 mg phosphatidylserine), or the same combination with generic mineral complexes, or placebo (n = 14/group). In Trial 1, before and after 1 mo, subjects were tested for 3 mile run time (primary outcome), followed by distance covered in 25 min on a stationary bike (secondary outcome), followed by a 90 s step test (secondary outcome). To test reproducibility of the run results, and to examine a lower dose of carnitine, a second trial was done. New subjects took either mineral glycinates + CENs (1 g carnitine) or placebo (n = 17/group); subjects were tested for pre- and post-treatment 3 mile run time (primary outcome). RESULTS: In Trial 1, the mineral glycinates + CENs decreased 3 mile run time (25.6 ± 2.4 vs 26.5 ± 2.3 min, p < 0.05, paired t-test) increased stationary bike distance after 25 min (6.5 ± 0.6 vs 6.0 ± 0.8 miles, p < 0.05, paired t-test), and increased steps in the step test (43.8 ± 4.8 vs 40.3 ± 6.4 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test). The placebo significantly affected only the biking distance, but it was less than for the glycinates-CENs treatment (0.2 ± 0.4. vs 0.5 ± 0.1 miles, p < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey). The generic minerals + CENs only significantly affected the step test (44.1 ± 5.2 vs 41.0 ± 5.9 steps, p < 0.05, paired t-test) In Trial 2, 3 mile run time was decreased for the mineral glycinates + CENs (23.9 ± 3.1 vs 24.7 ± 2.5, p < 0.005, paired t-test), but not by the placebo. All changes for Test Formula II or III were high compared to placebo (1.9 to 4.9, Cohen’s D), and high for Test Formula II vs I for running and biking (3.2 & 3.5, Cohen’s D). CONCLUSION: In summary, a combination of certain mineral complexes plus two CENs improved aerobic exercise performance in fit young adult women. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Swain, Carmen B. Reau, Alyssa Diehl, Jason Joseph, Elizabeth Marshall, Trisha DiSilvestro, Robert A. Hart, Staci |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Robert A. surname: DiSilvestro fullname: DiSilvestro, Robert A. email: disilvestro.1@osu.edu organization: Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University – sequence: 2 givenname: Staci surname: Hart fullname: Hart, Staci organization: Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University – sequence: 3 givenname: Trisha surname: Marshall fullname: Marshall, Trisha organization: Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Elizabeth surname: Joseph fullname: Joseph, Elizabeth organization: Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University – sequence: 5 givenname: Alyssa surname: Reau fullname: Reau, Alyssa organization: Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University – sequence: 6 givenname: Carmen B. surname: Swain fullname: Swain, Carmen B. organization: Kinesiology, The Ohio State University – sequence: 7 givenname: Jason surname: Diehl fullname: Diehl, Jason organization: OSU Sports Medicine, The Ohio State University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29158726$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_nu10030349 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtemb_2020_126617 crossref_primary_10_3390_sports11060109 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jafc_1c01251 |
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| Keywords | Running Step test Minerals Conditionally essential nutrients Stationary biking |
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| PublicationTitle | Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | J Int Soc Sports Nutr |
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| PublicationYear | 2017 |
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| References | Szarfarc S (CR39) 2001; 51 CR19 Kikukawa A (CR17) 2002; 73 CR16 CR38 CR37 CR14 CR36 CR13 CR35 CR12 CR34 CR33 CR10 CR32 CR31 CR30 DiSilvestro RA (CR4) 2005 DiSilvestro RA (CR43) 2011; 25 Singh A (CR15) 1990; 30 Wardlaw GM (CR1) 2004 CR2 Lukaski HC (CR18) 2005; 19 CR3 CR6 CR5 CR8 CR7 CR29 CR28 CR9 CR27 CR26 CR25 CR24 CR23 CR45 CR22 CR44 CR21 CR20 CR42 CR41 CR40 Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (CR11) 2001 |
| References_xml | – ident: CR40 doi: 10.1080/07315724.1994.10718434 – ident: CR6 doi: 10.1152/physrev.1993.73.1.79 – ident: CR29 doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000183195.10867.d0 – volume: 51 start-page: 42 year: 2001 ident: CR39 publication-title: Arch Latinoam Nutr – ident: CR9 doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624 – volume-title: Perspectives in nutrition year: 2004 ident: CR1 – volume-title: Handbook of minerals as nutritional supplements year: 2005 ident: CR4 – ident: CR14 doi: 10.2165/00007256-200131080-00002 – ident: CR32 doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.02.002 – ident: CR42 doi: 10.2174/1876396001104010151 – ident: CR44 doi: 10.1177/0091270006292851 – ident: CR8 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.594S – ident: CR22 doi: 10.1007/s13105-013-0256-5 – ident: CR24 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125799 – ident: CR28 doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.009 – volume: 30 start-page: 29 year: 1990 ident: CR15 publication-title: J Sports Med Phys Fitness – ident: CR19 doi: 10.1385/BTER:96:1-3:227 – ident: CR25 doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.1997.tb00107.x – ident: CR37 doi: 10.1093/jn/130.9.2195 – ident: CR36 doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.77.4.243 – ident: CR5 doi: 10.1385/BTER:94:2:157 – ident: CR33 doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90135-9 – ident: CR41 doi: 10.1080/07315724.1992.12098242 – ident: CR26 doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636080-00003 – ident: CR31 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/42.4.681 – ident: CR35 doi: 10.1007/s12011-015-0334-3 – ident: CR21 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.009 – ident: CR23 doi: 10.1159/000341934 – ident: CR13 doi: 10.3945/jn.115.225607 – ident: CR34 doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.08.018 – ident: CR20 doi: 10.1097/00005082-200601000-00004 – ident: CR38 doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00519-6 – volume-title: Dietary reference intakes for vitamin a, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc year: 2001 ident: CR11 – ident: CR30 doi: 10.1017/S0007114511002352 – ident: CR45 doi: 10.1519/00124278-200702000-00046 – ident: CR10 doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.02.003 – ident: CR2 doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.002 – ident: CR16 doi: 10.1385/BTER:105:1-3:087 – ident: CR7 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1045 – ident: CR27 doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-11 – volume: 73 start-page: 991 year: 2002 ident: CR17 publication-title: Aviat Space Environ Med – ident: CR12 doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.08.011 – volume: 25 start-page: 587.11 year: 2011 ident: CR43 publication-title: FASEB J – volume: 19 start-page: A982 year: 2005 ident: CR18 publication-title: FASEB J – ident: CR3 doi: 10.1093/jn/130.5.1509S |
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| Snippet | Background
Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake... Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake of such... Background Micronutrient functions are needed for aerobic exercise. [...]aerobic performance should be helped by optimal intake of these nutrients including... BACKGROUND: Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased... Background Certain essential and conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) perform functions involved in aerobic exercise performance. However, increased intake... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Aerobics analysis of variance Anemia Antioxidants - administration & dosage bicycling Bioavailability Carnitine Carnitine - administration & dosage Chelates Chelating Agents - administration & dosage Clinical Nutrition conditionally essential nutrients Copper Cytochrome Dietary minerals Dietary Supplements Energy Enzymes Exercise Exercise - physiology Exercise equipment exercise test Exercise tests Fatigue Female Fitness training programs Functional foods & nutraceuticals Healthy Volunteers Humans Iron Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolism Metabolites minerals nutrients Nutrition research Oxidative stress Oxygen Consumption - drug effects Oxygen Consumption - physiology phosphatidylserines Phosphatidylserines - administration & dosage Physical Endurance - drug effects Physical Endurance - physiology Physical fitness Physical Fitness - physiology placebos Reproducibility of Results Research Article Rodents running Sports Medicine sports nutrition Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena stationary biking step test t-test women Young Adult Young adults Zinc |
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| Title | Enhanced aerobic exercise performance in women by a combination of three mineral Chelates plus two conditionally essential nutrients |
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