Assessing Autism in Adults: An Evaluation of the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview—Adult Version (3Di-Adult)

We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n =...

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Published inJournal of autism and developmental disorders Vol. 48; no. 2; pp. 549 - 560
Main Authors Mandy, William, Clarke, Kiri, McKenner, Michele, Strydom, Andre, Crabtree, Jason, Lai, Meng-Chuan, Allison, Carrie, Baron-Cohen, Simon, Skuse, David
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published New York Springer US 01.02.2018
Springer
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Adolescent
Adult
Adults
Algorithms
Analysis
Anxiety Disorders
Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder - diagnosis
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autistic Disorder - diagnosis
Behavioral Science and Psychology
Child and School Psychology
Child Health
Clinical research
Comparative Analysis
Data Collection
Departments
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic Tests
Eating Disorders
Female
Foreign Countries
Health Conditions
Humans
Intelligence Quotient
Interpersonal Relationship
Interrater Reliability
Interviews
Male
Medical diagnosis
Mental disorders
Mental Health
Middle Aged
Neurosciences
Original Paper
Pediatrics
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Predictive Validity
Psychiatry
Psychological Patterns
Psychology
Psychometrics
Public Health
Sensitivity and Specificity
Test Reliability
Test Theory
Test Validity
Validity
Young Adult
Young Children
United Kingdom
Adults
Autism spectrum conditions (ASC)
Assessment and diagnosis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Diagnostic and statistical manual, fifth edition (DSM-5)
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0162-3257
1573-3432
1573-3432
DOI10.1007/s10803-017-3321-z

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Abstract We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n = 39), a non-clinical comparison group (n = 29) and a clinical comparison group (n = 20) who had non-autistic mental health conditions. Mean administration time was 38 min (50 min for ASC). Internal consistency (αs ≥ 0.93) and inter-rater agreement (ICCs ≥ 0.99) were high. When discriminating ASC from non-ASC, the 3Di-Adult showed excellent sensitivity (95%) and specificity (92%). The 3Di-Adult shows promise as a psychometrically sound and time-efficient interview for collecting standardised informant reports for DSM-5 assessments of ASC in adults, in research and clinical practice.
AbstractList We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n = 39), a non-clinical comparison group (n = 29) and a clinical comparison group (n = 20) who had non-autistic mental health conditions. Mean administration time was 38 min (50 min for ASC). Internal consistency (as = 0.93) and inter-rater agreement (ICCs = 0.99) were high. When discriminating ASC from non-ASC, the 3Di-Adult showed excellent sensitivity (95%) and specificity (92%). The 3Di-Adult shows promise as a psychometrically sound and time-efficient interview for collecting standardised informant reports for DSM-5 assessments of ASC in adults, in research and clinical practice.
We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n = 39), a non-clinical comparison group (n = 29) and a clinical comparison group (n = 20) who had non-autistic mental health conditions. Mean administration time was 38 min (50 min for ASC). Internal consistency (αs ≥ 0.93) and inter-rater agreement (ICCs ≥ 0.99) were high. When discriminating ASC from non-ASC, the 3Di-Adult showed excellent sensitivity (95%) and specificity (92%). The 3Di-Adult shows promise as a psychometrically sound and time-efficient interview for collecting standardised informant reports for DSM-5 assessments of ASC in adults, in research and clinical practice.
We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n = 39), a non-clinical comparison group (n = 29) and a clinical comparison group (n = 20) who had non-autistic mental health conditions. Mean administration time was 38 min (50 min for ASC). Internal consistency (αs ≥ 0.93) and inter-rater agreement (ICCs ≥ 0.99) were high. When discriminating ASC from non-ASC, the 3Di-Adult showed excellent sensitivity (95%) and specificity (92%). The 3Di-Adult shows promise as a psychometrically sound and time-efficient interview for collecting standardised informant reports for DSM-5 assessments of ASC in adults, in research and clinical practice.We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n = 39), a non-clinical comparison group (n = 29) and a clinical comparison group (n = 20) who had non-autistic mental health conditions. Mean administration time was 38 min (50 min for ASC). Internal consistency (αs ≥ 0.93) and inter-rater agreement (ICCs ≥ 0.99) were high. When discriminating ASC from non-ASC, the 3Di-Adult showed excellent sensitivity (95%) and specificity (92%). The 3Di-Adult shows promise as a psychometrically sound and time-efficient interview for collecting standardised informant reports for DSM-5 assessments of ASC in adults, in research and clinical practice.
We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n = 39), a non-clinical comparison group (n = 29) and a clinical comparison group (n = 20) who had non-autistic mental health conditions. Mean administration time was 38 min (50 min for ASC). Internal consistency ([alpha]s [greater than or equal to] 0.93) and inter-rater agreement (ICCs [greater than or equal to] 0.99) were high. When discriminating ASC from non-ASC, the 3Di-Adult showed excellent sensitivity (95%) and specificity (92%). The 3Di-Adult shows promise as a psychometrically sound and time-efficient interview for collecting standardised informant reports for DSM-5 assessments of ASC in adults, in research and clinical practice.
We developed a brief, informant-report interview for assessing autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in adults, called the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview-Adult Version (3Di-Adult); and completed a preliminary evaluation. Informant reports were collected for participants with ASC (n = 39), a non-clinical comparison group (n = 29) and a clinical comparison group (n = 20) who had non-autistic mental health conditions. Mean administration time was 38 min (50 min for ASC). Internal consistency (αs ≥ 0.93) and inter-rater agreement (ICCs ≥ 0.99) were high. When discriminating ASC from non-ASC, the 3Di-Adult showed excellent sensitivity (95%) and specificity (92%). The 3Di-Adult shows promise as a psychometrically sound and time-efficient interview for collecting standardised informant reports for DSM-5 assessments of ASC in adults, in research and clinical practice.
Audience Academic
Author Strydom, Andre
Mandy, William
Lai, Meng-Chuan
Clarke, Kiri
Crabtree, Jason
Allison, Carrie
Skuse, David
Baron-Cohen, Simon
McKenner, Michele
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29116420$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 2
Keywords Adults
Autism spectrum conditions (ASC)
Assessment and diagnosis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Diagnostic and statistical manual, fifth edition (DSM-5)
Language English
License Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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PublicationTitle Journal of autism and developmental disorders
PublicationTitleAbbrev J Autism Dev Disord
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References HurlbuttKChalmersLAdults with autism speak out: Perceptions of their life experiencesFocus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities200217210311110.1177/10883576020170020501
LordCRutterMLe CouteurAAutism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders199424565968510.1007/BF021721457814313
BargielaSStewardRMandyWThe experiences of late-diagnosed women with autism spectrum conditions: An investigation of the female autism phenotypeJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders2016274573645040731
MandyWCharmanTGilmourJSkuseDToward specifying pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specifiedAutism Research20114212113110.1002/aur.17821298812
SantoshPJMandyWPPuuraKKaartinenMWarringtonRSkuseDHThe construction and validation of a short form of the developmental, diagnostic and dimensional interviewEuropean Child & Adolescent Psychiatry200918852152410.1007/s00787-009-0004-0
Mokkink, L., Terwee, C., Patrick, D., Alonso, J., Stratfor, P., Knol, D., … de Vet, H. (2010). COSMIN checklist manual. Retrieved from http://www.cosmin.nl.
KentRCarringtonJCouteurSGouldAWingJMaljaarsLNoensJBerckelaer-OnnesILeekamRDiagnosing autism spectrum disorder: Who will get a DSM-5 diagnosis?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry201354111242125010.1111/jcpp.12085237013214098079
LordCRisiSLambrechtLCookEHLeventhalBLDiLavorePCPicklesARutterMThe autism diagnostic observation schedule—generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autismJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders200030320522310.1023/A:100559240194711055457
HowlinPSavageSMossPTempierARutterMCognitive and language skills in adults with autism: A 40-year follow-upJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry2014551495810.1111/jcpp.1211523848399
National Institute for Health and Clinical Care Excellent. (2012). Autism spectrum disorder in adults: Diagnosis and management. NICE Guideline (CG142).
BishopSLSeltzerMMSelf-reported autism symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders201242112354236310.1007/s10803-012-1483-2223619243475727
WestwoodHMandyWTchanturiaKClinical evaluation of autistic symptoms in women with anorexia nervosaMolecular Autism201781210.1186/s13229-017-0128-x283315715356303
Baron-CohenSScottFJAllisonCWilliamsJBoltonPMatthewsFEBrayneCPrevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population studyThe British Journal of Psychiatry2009194650050910.1192/bjp.bp.108.05934519478287
Ritvo, R. A., Ritvo, E. R., Guthrie, D., Ritvo, M. J., Hufnagel, D. H., McMahon, W., … Eloff, J. (2011). The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): A scale to assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults: An international validation study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1076–1089.
ShattuckPTThe contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special educationPediatrics200611741028103710.1542/peds.2005-151616585296
SkuseDWarringtonRBishopDChowdhuryULauJMandyWPlaceMThe developmental, dimensional and diagnostic interview (3di): A novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disordersJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry200443554855810.1097/00004583-200405000-00008
DavidsonCGreenwoodNStansfieldAWrightSPrevalence of asperger syndrome among patients of an early intervention in psychosis teamEarly Intervention in Psychiatry20148213814610.1111/eip.1203923472601
PillingSBaron-CohenSMegnin-ViggarsOLeeRTaylorCGuideline Development GroupRecognition, referral, diagnosis, and management of adults with autism: Summary of NICE guidanceBritish Medical Journal2012344e408210.1136/bmj.e408222740567
MandyWWangALeeISkuseDEvaluating social (pragmatic) communication disorderJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines2017
Department of HealthStatutory guidance for local authorities and NHS organisations to support implementation of the adult autism strategy2015LondonDepartment of Health
LaiMCBaron-CohenSIdentifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditionsThe Lancet Psychiatry20152111013102710.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-126544750
CohenJA power primerPsychological Bulletin1992112115510.1037/0033-2909.112.1.15519565683
BarkerCPistrangNElliotRResearch methods in clinical and counselling psychology20153ChichesterWiley10.1002/9781119154082
WechslerDWASI: Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence1999LondonPearson Press
MandyWTchanturiaKDo women with eating disorders who have social and flexibility difficulties really have autism? A case seriesMolecular Autism201561610.1186/2040-2392-6-6260565604459459
PowellTAckerLAdults’ experience of an asperger syndrome diagnosis: Analysis of its emotional meaning and effect on participants’ livesFocus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities2016311728010.1177/1088357615588516
Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466–474.
LewisLFExploring the experience of self-diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adultsArchives of Psychiatric Nursing201630557558010.1016/j.apnu.2016.03.00927654240
PortwaySMJohnsonBDo you know i have asperger’s syndrome? Risks of a non-obvious disabilityHealth, Risk & Society200571738310.1080/09500830500042086
LaiMCLombardoMVEckerCChakrabartiBSucklingJBullmoreETHappéFMurphyDGBaron-CohenSMRC AIMS ConsortiumNeuroanatomy of individual differences in language in adult males with autismCerebral Cortex201425103613362810.1093/cercor/bhu211252494094585508
GillbergCGillbergCRåstamMWentzEThe asperger syndrome (and high-functioning autism) diagnostic interview (ASDI): A preliminary study of a new structured clinical interviewAutism: The International Journal of Research and Practice200151576610.1177/1362361301005001006
HowlinPMossPAdults with autism spectrum disordersThe Canadian Journal of Psychiatry201257527528310.1177/07067437120570050222546059
Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M. C., & Mandy, W. (2017). Putting on my best normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534.
ShattuckPTRouxAMHudsonLETaylorJLMaennerMJTraniJFServices for adults with an autism spectrum disorderThe Canadian Journal of Psychiatry201257528429110.1177/07067437120570050322546060
PunshonCSkirrowPMurphyGThe not guilty verdict: Psychological reactions to a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome in adulthoodAutism: The International Journal of Research and Practice200913326528310.1177/1362361309103795
Wikramanayake, M., Mandy, W., Shahper, S., Kaur, S., Kolli, S., Osman, S., Reid, J., Jeffries-Sewell, K., & Fineberg, N. (2017). Autism spectrum disorders in outpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 11, 1–9.
Ward-KingJCohenILPenningHHoldenJJBrief report: Telephone administration of the autism diagnostic interview—revised: Reliability and suitability for use in researchJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders201040101285129010.1007/s10803-010-0987-x20195733
Baron-CohenSWheelwrightSRobinsonJWoodbury-SmithMThe adult asperger assessment (AAA): A diagnostic methodJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders200535680710.1007/s10803-005-0026-516331530
LordCPicklesAMcLennanJRutterMBregmanJFolsteinSMinshewNDiagnosing autism: Analyses of data from the autism diagnostic interviewJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders199727550151710.1023/A:10258739256619403369
WechslerDWechsler adult intelligence scale fourth UK edition (WIAS-IV) administration and scoring manual2008LondonPearson Press
MossPHowlinPSavageSBoltonPRutterMSelf and informant reports of mental health difficulties among adults with autism findings from a long-term follow-up studyAutism: The International Journal of Research and Practice201519783284110.1177/1362361315585916
WechslerDTest of premorbid functioning: UK edition2009LondonPearson Press
American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)2013Washington, DCAmerican Psychiatric Association10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
K Hurlbutt (3321_CR15) 2002; 17
C Lord (3321_CR22) 1997; 27
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C Barker (3321_CR3) 2015
S Pilling (3321_CR31) 2012; 344
D Wechsler (3321_CR41) 2008
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S Baron-Cohen (3321_CR5) 2009; 194
R Kent (3321_CR16) 2013; 54
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MC Lai (3321_CR19) 2014; 25
J Cohen (3321_CR8) 1992; 112
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C Lord (3321_CR23) 2000; 30
H Westwood (3321_CR43) 2017; 8
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S Baron-Cohen (3321_CR6) 2005; 35
SL Bishop (3321_CR7) 2012; 42
D Skuse (3321_CR38) 2004; 43
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T Powell (3321_CR33) 2016; 31
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References_xml – reference: PortwaySMJohnsonBDo you know i have asperger’s syndrome? Risks of a non-obvious disabilityHealth, Risk & Society200571738310.1080/09500830500042086
– reference: Wikramanayake, M., Mandy, W., Shahper, S., Kaur, S., Kolli, S., Osman, S., Reid, J., Jeffries-Sewell, K., & Fineberg, N. (2017). Autism spectrum disorders in outpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 11, 1–9.
– reference: PillingSBaron-CohenSMegnin-ViggarsOLeeRTaylorCGuideline Development GroupRecognition, referral, diagnosis, and management of adults with autism: Summary of NICE guidanceBritish Medical Journal2012344e408210.1136/bmj.e408222740567
– reference: BargielaSStewardRMandyWThe experiences of late-diagnosed women with autism spectrum conditions: An investigation of the female autism phenotypeJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders2016274573645040731
– reference: LordCRisiSLambrechtLCookEHLeventhalBLDiLavorePCPicklesARutterMThe autism diagnostic observation schedule—generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autismJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders200030320522310.1023/A:100559240194711055457
– reference: Mokkink, L., Terwee, C., Patrick, D., Alonso, J., Stratfor, P., Knol, D., … de Vet, H. (2010). COSMIN checklist manual. Retrieved from http://www.cosmin.nl.
– reference: MandyWWangALeeISkuseDEvaluating social (pragmatic) communication disorderJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines2017
– reference: MossPHowlinPSavageSBoltonPRutterMSelf and informant reports of mental health difficulties among adults with autism findings from a long-term follow-up studyAutism: The International Journal of Research and Practice201519783284110.1177/1362361315585916
– reference: Department of HealthStatutory guidance for local authorities and NHS organisations to support implementation of the adult autism strategy2015LondonDepartment of Health
– reference: WechslerDWASI: Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence1999LondonPearson Press
– reference: HurlbuttKChalmersLAdults with autism speak out: Perceptions of their life experiencesFocus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities200217210311110.1177/10883576020170020501
– reference: LordCRutterMLe CouteurAAutism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders199424565968510.1007/BF021721457814313
– reference: WechslerDTest of premorbid functioning: UK edition2009LondonPearson Press
– reference: Baron-CohenSScottFJAllisonCWilliamsJBoltonPMatthewsFEBrayneCPrevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population studyThe British Journal of Psychiatry2009194650050910.1192/bjp.bp.108.05934519478287
– reference: Ritvo, R. A., Ritvo, E. R., Guthrie, D., Ritvo, M. J., Hufnagel, D. H., McMahon, W., … Eloff, J. (2011). The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): A scale to assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults: An international validation study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1076–1089.
– reference: LordCPicklesAMcLennanJRutterMBregmanJFolsteinSMinshewNDiagnosing autism: Analyses of data from the autism diagnostic interviewJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders199727550151710.1023/A:10258739256619403369
– reference: American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)2013Washington, DCAmerican Psychiatric Association10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
– reference: BarkerCPistrangNElliotRResearch methods in clinical and counselling psychology20153ChichesterWiley10.1002/9781119154082
– reference: Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466–474.
– reference: BishopSLSeltzerMMSelf-reported autism symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders201242112354236310.1007/s10803-012-1483-2223619243475727
– reference: SkuseDWarringtonRBishopDChowdhuryULauJMandyWPlaceMThe developmental, dimensional and diagnostic interview (3di): A novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disordersJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry200443554855810.1097/00004583-200405000-00008
– reference: LewisLFExploring the experience of self-diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adultsArchives of Psychiatric Nursing201630557558010.1016/j.apnu.2016.03.00927654240
– reference: PunshonCSkirrowPMurphyGThe not guilty verdict: Psychological reactions to a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome in adulthoodAutism: The International Journal of Research and Practice200913326528310.1177/1362361309103795
– reference: Ward-KingJCohenILPenningHHoldenJJBrief report: Telephone administration of the autism diagnostic interview—revised: Reliability and suitability for use in researchJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders201040101285129010.1007/s10803-010-0987-x20195733
– reference: CohenJA power primerPsychological Bulletin1992112115510.1037/0033-2909.112.1.15519565683
– reference: WechslerDWechsler adult intelligence scale fourth UK edition (WIAS-IV) administration and scoring manual2008LondonPearson Press
– reference: National Institute for Health and Clinical Care Excellent. (2012). Autism spectrum disorder in adults: Diagnosis and management. NICE Guideline (CG142).
– reference: HowlinPMossPAdults with autism spectrum disordersThe Canadian Journal of Psychiatry201257527528310.1177/07067437120570050222546059
– reference: LaiMCBaron-CohenSIdentifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditionsThe Lancet Psychiatry20152111013102710.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-126544750
– reference: WestwoodHMandyWTchanturiaKClinical evaluation of autistic symptoms in women with anorexia nervosaMolecular Autism201781210.1186/s13229-017-0128-x283315715356303
– reference: GillbergCGillbergCRåstamMWentzEThe asperger syndrome (and high-functioning autism) diagnostic interview (ASDI): A preliminary study of a new structured clinical interviewAutism: The International Journal of Research and Practice200151576610.1177/1362361301005001006
– reference: PowellTAckerLAdults’ experience of an asperger syndrome diagnosis: Analysis of its emotional meaning and effect on participants’ livesFocus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities2016311728010.1177/1088357615588516
– reference: LaiMCLombardoMVEckerCChakrabartiBSucklingJBullmoreETHappéFMurphyDGBaron-CohenSMRC AIMS ConsortiumNeuroanatomy of individual differences in language in adult males with autismCerebral Cortex201425103613362810.1093/cercor/bhu211252494094585508
– reference: SantoshPJMandyWPPuuraKKaartinenMWarringtonRSkuseDHThe construction and validation of a short form of the developmental, diagnostic and dimensional interviewEuropean Child & Adolescent Psychiatry200918852152410.1007/s00787-009-0004-0
– reference: ShattuckPTRouxAMHudsonLETaylorJLMaennerMJTraniJFServices for adults with an autism spectrum disorderThe Canadian Journal of Psychiatry201257528429110.1177/07067437120570050322546060
– reference: KentRCarringtonJCouteurSGouldAWingJMaljaarsLNoensJBerckelaer-OnnesILeekamRDiagnosing autism spectrum disorder: Who will get a DSM-5 diagnosis?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry201354111242125010.1111/jcpp.12085237013214098079
– reference: ShattuckPTThe contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special educationPediatrics200611741028103710.1542/peds.2005-151616585296
– reference: Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M. C., & Mandy, W. (2017). Putting on my best normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534.
– reference: MandyWTchanturiaKDo women with eating disorders who have social and flexibility difficulties really have autism? A case seriesMolecular Autism201561610.1186/2040-2392-6-6260565604459459
– reference: MandyWCharmanTGilmourJSkuseDToward specifying pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specifiedAutism Research20114212113110.1002/aur.17821298812
– reference: Baron-CohenSWheelwrightSRobinsonJWoodbury-SmithMThe adult asperger assessment (AAA): A diagnostic methodJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders200535680710.1007/s10803-005-0026-516331530
– reference: DavidsonCGreenwoodNStansfieldAWrightSPrevalence of asperger syndrome among patients of an early intervention in psychosis teamEarly Intervention in Psychiatry20148213814610.1111/eip.1203923472601
– reference: HowlinPSavageSMossPTempierARutterMCognitive and language skills in adults with autism: A 40-year follow-upJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry2014551495810.1111/jcpp.1211523848399
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SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
Adults
Algorithms
Analysis
Anxiety Disorders
Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder - diagnosis
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autistic Disorder - diagnosis
Behavioral Science and Psychology
Child and School Psychology
Child Health
Clinical research
Comparative Analysis
Data Collection
Departments
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic Tests
Eating Disorders
Female
Foreign Countries
Health Conditions
Humans
Intelligence Quotient
Interpersonal Relationship
Interrater Reliability
Interviews
Male
Medical diagnosis
Mental disorders
Mental Health
Middle Aged
Neurosciences
Original Paper
Pediatrics
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Predictive Validity
Psychiatry
Psychological Patterns
Psychology
Psychometrics
Public Health
Sensitivity and Specificity
Test Reliability
Test Theory
Test Validity
Validity
Young Adult
Young Children
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Title Assessing Autism in Adults: An Evaluation of the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview—Adult Version (3Di-Adult)
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