TLR-9 agonist and CD40-targeting vaccination induces HIV-1 envelope-specific B cells with a diversified immunoglobulin repertoire in humanized mice

The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to ef...

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Published inPLoS pathogens Vol. 16; no. 11; p. e1009025
Main Authors Godot, Véronique, Tcherakian, Colas, Gil, Laurine, Cervera-Marzal, Iñaki, Li, Guangming, Cheng, Liang, Ortonne, Nicolas, Lelièvre, Jean-Daniel, Pantaleo, Giuseppe, Fenwick, Craig, Centlivre, Mireille, Mouquet, Hugo, Cardinaud, Sylvain, Zurawski, Sandra M., Zurawski, Gerard, Milpied, Pierre, Su, Lishan, Lévy, Yves
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Public Library of Science 30.11.2020
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1553-7374
1553-7366
1553-7374
DOI10.1371/journal.ppat.1009025

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Abstract The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected hu-B cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgG-switched memory hu-B cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific hu-B cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG + hu-B-cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing hu-B and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS + memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal expansion of specific hu-B cells. Thus, this study shows that CD40-targeted vaccination induces human IgG production in hu-mice and provides insights for the development of a CD40-targeting vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans.
AbstractList The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected hu-B cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgG-switched memory hu-B cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific hu-B cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG.sup.+ hu-B-cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing hu-B and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS.sup.+ memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal expansion of specific hu-B cells. Thus, this study shows that CD40-targeted vaccination induces human IgG production in hu-mice and provides insights for the development of a CD40-targeting vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans.
Correlates of protection also included the generation of Env-specific T-cell responses and showed the importance of IgG isotype and ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) of the antibody responses [7–10]. The anti-human CD40 antibody fused via a flexible linker to the heavy (H)-chain C terminus to codon-optimized Env gp140 protein from the clade C HIV-1 96ZM651 (called ZM96) strain has been tested in NHPs primed with a replication-competent NYVAC-KC vaccinia virus vector encoding HIV-1 Gag, Nef, Pol, and Env gp140 sequences [16]. Results TLR9 stimulation by CpG and CD40-targeting vaccination cooperatively induces B-cell maturation and the emergence of IgG+ B cells, increases CD40 expression on human antigen-presenting cells, and expansion of memory T cells in vaccinated hu-mice We and others have shown that a functional human immune system that includes human DCs and T and B cells is developed in immunodeficient mice transplanted with human fetal liver-derived CD34+ cells. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for comparisons between immunized and non-immunized hu-mice. *p < 0.05. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009025.g002 CpG/CD vaccination strategies elicit HIV-1 Env-specific IgG+ hu-B cells We next assessed the frequency of gp140-specific IgG+ memory hu-B cells in the blood and spleen of hu-mice at 6 weeks by flow cytometry using labeled gp140ZM96 (Fig 3A and 3B).
The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human Band T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected huB cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgGswitched memory huB cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific huB cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG + huB cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing huB and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS + memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal
The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected hu-B cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgG-switched memory hu-B cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific hu-B cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG+ hu-B-cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing hu-B and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS+ memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal expansion of specific hu-B cells. Thus, this study shows that CD40-targeted vaccination induces human IgG production in hu-mice and provides insights for the development of a CD40-targeting vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans.The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected hu-B cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgG-switched memory hu-B cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific hu-B cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG+ hu-B-cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing hu-B and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS+ memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal expansion of specific hu-B cells. Thus, this study shows that CD40-targeted vaccination induces human IgG production in hu-mice and provides insights for the development of a CD40-targeting vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans.
The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected hu-B cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgG-switched memory hu-B cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific hu-B cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG+ hu-B-cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing hu-B and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS+ memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal expansion of specific hu-B cells. Thus, this study shows that CD40-targeted vaccination induces human IgG production in hu-mice and provides insights for the development of a CD40-targeting vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans. Mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice) are a powerful tool for the study of human immune function in vivo and can be useful as a pre-clinical model to rank vaccination strategies. However, in hu-mice, human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. One finding of our study is that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mouse models. We further reported that the HIV-1 envelope-specific IgG+ hu-B cells elicited in hu-mice by the anti-CD40.Env vaccine used more VH3 and VH4 family genes and displayed higher rates of somatic hypermutations than the non-specific IgG+ hu-B-cell counterpart. VH3 antibodies are essential for antiviral immunity. We also showed that monitoring ICOS+ circulating Tfh cells seven days after the last booster immunization is a surrogate marker for vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific B-cell responses. Overall, we report important results, both in the setting of this hu-mouse model and for a prophylactic HIV vaccine.
The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected hu-B cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgG-switched memory hu-B cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific hu-B cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG+ hu-B-cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing hu-B and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS+ memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal expansion of specific hu-B cells. Thus, this study shows that CD40-targeted vaccination induces human IgG production in hu-mice and provides insights for the development of a CD40-targeting vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans.
Correlates of protection also included the generation of Env-specific T-cell responses and showed the importance of IgG isotype and ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) of the antibody responses [7–10]. The anti-human CD40 antibody fused via a flexible linker to the heavy (H)-chain C terminus to codon-optimized Env gp140 protein from the clade C HIV-1 96ZM651 (called ZM96) strain has been tested in NHPs primed with a replication-competent NYVAC-KC vaccinia virus vector encoding HIV-1 Gag, Nef, Pol, and Env gp140 sequences [16]. Results TLR9 stimulation by CpG and CD40-targeting vaccination cooperatively induces B-cell maturation and the emergence of IgG+ B cells, increases CD40 expression on human antigen-presenting cells, and expansion of memory T cells in vaccinated hu-mice We and others have shown that a functional human immune system that includes human DCs and T and B cells is developed in immunodeficient mice transplanted with human fetal liver-derived CD34+ cells. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for comparisons between immunized and non-immunized hu-mice. *p < 0.05. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009025.g002 CpG/CD vaccination strategies elicit HIV-1 Env-specific IgG+ hu-B cells We next assessed the frequency of gp140-specific IgG+ memory hu-B cells in the blood and spleen of hu-mice at 6 weeks by flow cytometry using labeled gp140ZM96 (Fig 3A and 3B).
The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-mice), human B cell-development and function are impaired and cells fail to efficiently transition from IgM B cells to IgG B cells. Here, we found that CD40-targeted vaccination combined with CpG-B adjuvant overcomes the usual defect of human B-cell switch and maturation in hu-mice. We further dissected hu-B cell responses directed against the HIV-1 Env protein elicited by targeting Env gp140 clade C to the CD40 receptor of antigen-presenting cells. The anti-CD40.Env gp140 vaccine was injected with CpG-B in a homologous prime/boost regimen or as a boost of a NYVAC-KC pox vector encoding Env gp140 clade C. Both regimens elicited Env-specific IgG-switched memory hu-B cells at a greater magnitude in hu-mice primed with NYVAC-KC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis showed gp140-specific hu-B cells to express polyclonal IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and a broad Ig VH/VL repertoire, with predominant VH3 family gene usage. These cells exhibited a higher rate of somatic hypermutation than the non-specific IgG + hu-B-cell counterpart. Both vaccine regimens induced splenic GC-like structures containing hu-B and hu-Tfh-like cells expressing PD-1 and BCL-6. We confirmed in this model that circulating ICOS + memory hu-Tfh cells correlated with the magnitude of gp140-specific B-cell responses. Finally, the NYVAC-KC heterologous prime led to a more diverse clonal expansion of specific hu-B cells. Thus, this study shows that CD40-targeted vaccination induces human IgG production in hu-mice and provides insights for the development of a CD40-targeting vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans.
Audience Academic
Author Ortonne, Nicolas
Zurawski, Gerard
Li, Guangming
Mouquet, Hugo
Godot, Véronique
Su, Lishan
Lévy, Yves
Cervera-Marzal, Iñaki
Gil, Laurine
Tcherakian, Colas
Fenwick, Craig
Pantaleo, Giuseppe
Cardinaud, Sylvain
Zurawski, Sandra M.
Milpied, Pierre
Centlivre, Mireille
Cheng, Liang
Lelièvre, Jean-Daniel
AuthorAffiliation Emory University, UNITED STATES
3 Hôpital Foch, Service de Pneumologie, Suresnes, France
1 Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
12 INSERM U1222, Paris, France
5 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
2 Inserm U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, France
9 Service of Immunology and Allergy Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
10 Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
13 Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
6 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
11 Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
4 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
7 AP-HP, Hôpital Henri-Mond
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– name: 11 Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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– name: 13 Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
– name: 4 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
– name: 1 Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
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– name: 10 Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
– name: Emory University, UNITED STATES
– name: 12 INSERM U1222, Paris, France
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33253297$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 11
Keywords Spleen
HIV-1
Viral vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Antibodies
Vaccine development
B cells
HIV vaccines
Language English
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PMCID: PMC7728200
I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: GZ, SZ, and YL are named inventors on CD40-targeting vaccine patents and patent filings held jointly by INSERM and the Baylor Research Institute.
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Snippet The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human B- and T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In...
Correlates of protection also included the generation of Env-specific T-cell responses and showed the importance of IgG isotype and ADCC (antibody-dependent...
The development of HIV-1 vaccines is challenged by the lack of relevant models to accurately induce human Band T-cell responses in lymphoid organs. In...
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SubjectTerms Agonists
AIDS vaccines
AIDS Vaccines - immunology
Analysis
Animals
Antibodies
Antibodies, Neutralizing - immunology
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antigen-presenting cells
Antigens
B cells
B-Lymphocytes - immunology
Biology and life sciences
CD34 antigen
CD40 antigen
CD40 Antigens - immunology
Composition
CpG islands
Cytotoxicity
Dendritic cells
env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - immunology
Fetuses
Flow cytometry
Gag protein
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Hepatocytes
HIV
HIV Antibodies - immunology
HIV Infections - immunology
HIV Infections - prevention & control
HIV Infections - virology
HIV-1 - immunology
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Identification and classification
Immune system
Immunization
Immunodeficiency
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G - immunology
Immunoglobulins
Immunological memory
Life Sciences
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes B
Lymphocytes T
Medicine and health sciences
Memory cells
Methods
Mice
Nef protein
Pharmaceutical research
Proteins
Santé publique et épidémiologie
Spleen
T-Lymphocytes - immunology
TLR9
TLR9 protein
Toll-Like Receptor 9 - agonists
Toll-like receptors
Toxicity
Vaccination
Vaccines
Viral envelopes
Viruses
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Title TLR-9 agonist and CD40-targeting vaccination induces HIV-1 envelope-specific B cells with a diversified immunoglobulin repertoire in humanized mice
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