Therapeutic potential of fucoidan in the reduction of hepatic pathology in murine schistosomiasis japonica
Background Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesic...
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| Published in | Parasites & vectors Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 451 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
07.09.2020
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1756-3305 1756-3305 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s13071-020-04332-7 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of
Schistosoma japonicum
infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed
Fucus vesiculosus
, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary.
Methods
We evaluated the hepatic pathology from
S. japonicum
-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the
S. japonicum
-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected
in vitro
. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan
in vitro
and to detect the inflammatory cytokines.
Results
Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during
S. japonicum
infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated
S. japonicum-
infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated
S. japonicum-
infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were dramatically increased in the livers from
S. japonicum-
infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore,
in vitro
stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages.
Conclusions
These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of
S. japonicum
infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary.
We evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines.
Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum-infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages.
These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary. We evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines. Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-[alpha]) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-[beta] were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum-infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. Abstract Background Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary. Methods We evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines. Results Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum-infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. Conclusions These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. BACKGROUND: Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary. METHODS: We evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum-infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary.BACKGROUNDHepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary.We evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines.METHODSWe evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines.Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum-infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages.RESULTSTreatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum-infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages.These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection.CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. Background Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary. Methods We evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum-infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro. Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines. Results Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-[alpha]) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum-infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-[beta] were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum-infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. Conclusions These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. Keywords: Granuloma, Fibrosis, Fucoidan, Treg, Schistosoma japonicum Background Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma japonicum infection. It has been proposed that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide existing naturally in brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus , plays a diversified role to perform immunomodulatory activities. However, whether fucoidan functions in the host hepatic pathology is unknown and identifying the potential mechanism that is responsible for hepatic improvement is still necessary. Methods We evaluated the hepatic pathology from S. japonicum -infected mice after treatment with fucoidan. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the pro- or anti-inflammatory factors and the phosphorylated p65 in the livers. In addition, flow cytometry was also performed to investigate the T cell subsets in the S. japonicum -infected mice after treatment with fucoidan, and functional molecules relatively specific to Treg cells were detected in vitro . Furthermore, macrophages were treated with fucoidan in vitro and to detect the inflammatory cytokines. Results Treatment with fucoidan significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma size and fibrosis response during S. japonicum infection. The attenuated phospho-p65 protein levels and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) were observed in the livers from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum- infected mice; however, the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased. In addition, the infiltration of Treg cells was significantly enhanced both in the livers and spleens from fucoidan-treated S. japonicum- infected mice. Consistent with this, the mRNA levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were dramatically increased in the livers from S. japonicum- infected mice after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, in vitro stimulated splenocytes with fucoidan resulted in increasing Treg cells in splenocytes as well as the functional expression of CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in Treg cells. Additionally, fucoidan promoted the mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in macrophages. Conclusions These findings suggest an important role of natural fucoidan in reducing hepatic pathology in the progress of S. japonicum infection with a stronger Treg response, which may reveal a new potential therapeutic strategy for hepatic disease caused by parasitic chronic infection. |
| ArticleNumber | 451 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Li, Chen He, Kaiyue Wang, Huiquan Ji, Minjun Xu, Zhipeng Chang, Hao Tian, Tian Bai, Xueqi Li, Maining Hou, Min Wang, Xinyue Ni, Yangyue Yang, Yuxuan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xueqi surname: Bai fullname: Bai, Xueqi organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 2 givenname: Maining surname: Li fullname: Li, Maining organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 3 givenname: Xinyue surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xinyue organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 4 givenname: Hao surname: Chang fullname: Chang, Hao organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 5 givenname: Yangyue surname: Ni fullname: Ni, Yangyue organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 6 givenname: Chen surname: Li fullname: Li, Chen organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 7 givenname: Kaiyue surname: He fullname: He, Kaiyue organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 8 givenname: Huiquan surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Huiquan organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 9 givenname: Yuxuan surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Yuxuan organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 10 givenname: Tian surname: Tian fullname: Tian, Tian organization: Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 11 givenname: Min surname: Hou fullname: Hou, Min organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 12 givenname: Minjun surname: Ji fullname: Ji, Minjun email: jiminjun@njmu.edu.cn organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University – sequence: 13 givenname: Zhipeng surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Zhipeng email: zhipengxu@njmu.edu.cn organization: Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32894174$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| DOI | 10.1186/s13071-020-04332-7 |
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| Keywords | Granuloma Fucoidan Fibrosis Treg Schistosoma japonicum |
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Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of... Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of Schistosoma... Background Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of... BACKGROUND: Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the pathology of... Abstract Background Hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis as the consequence of tissue entrapped eggs produced by female schistosomes characterize the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Algae Animals Anthelmintics - pharmacology Binding sites Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Cells Chemokines Chronic infection CXC chemokines CXCR5 protein Cybernetics Cytokines DNA Eggs Entomology females Fibrosis Flow cytometry fluorescent antibody technique Fucoidan Fucus Fucus vesiculosus Granuloma Granuloma - drug therapy Granuloma - pathology Granulomas Health aspects Immunofluorescence Immunologic Factors - pharmacology Immunomodulation Immunomodulators Infections Infectious Diseases Inflammation Inflammation - drug therapy Interleukin 10 Interleukin 12 Interleukin 13 Interleukin 4 Interleukin 6 Liver Liver - drug effects Liver - parasitology Liver - pathology Liver diseases Lymphocytes Lymphocytes T Macrophages Mice mRNA Nucleotide sequence Parasitic diseases Parasitology Pathology PCR Plant Extracts - pharmacology Polysaccharides Polysaccharides - pharmacology Receptors RNA Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma japonicum - drug effects Schistosoma japonicum - immunology Schistosomiasis schistosomiasis japonica Schistosomiasis japonica - immunology Schistosomiasis japonica - parasitology Seaweeds Splenocytes Sulfates Synaptotagmin T cells T-lymphocytes T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory - drug effects therapeutics Transforming growth factors Treg Tropical Medicine Tumor necrosis factor-α Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science Virology |
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| Title | Therapeutic potential of fucoidan in the reduction of hepatic pathology in murine schistosomiasis japonica |
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