Opportunities to improve fiber degradation in the rumen: microbiology, ecology, and genomics
The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is unique in that efficient plant cell wall degradation relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and the host anim...
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| Published in | FEMS microbiology reviews Vol. 27; no. 5; pp. 663 - 693 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Elsevier B.V
01.12.2003
Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Oxford University Press |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0168-6445 1574-6976 1574-6976 |
| DOI | 10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00072-X |
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| Abstract | The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is unique in that efficient plant cell wall degradation relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and the host animal that provides an anaerobic fermentation chamber. Increasing the efficiency with which the rumen microbiota degrades fiber has been the subject of extensive research for at least the last 100 years. Fiber digestion in the rumen is not optimal, as is supported by the fact that fiber recovered from feces is fermentable. This view is confirmed by the knowledge that mechanical and chemical pretreatments improve fiber degradation, as well as more recent research, which has demonstrated increased fiber digestion by rumen microorganisms when plant lignin composition is modified by genetic manipulation. Rumen microbiologists have sought to improve fiber digestion by genetic and ecological manipulation of rumen fermentation. This has been difficult and a number of constraints have limited progress, including: (a) a lack of reliable transformation systems for major fibrolytic rumen bacteria, (b) a poor understanding of ecological factors that govern persistence of fibrolytic bacteria and fungi in the rumen, (c) a poor understanding of which glycolyl hydrolases need to be manipulated, and (d) a lack of knowledge of the functional genomic framework within which fiber degradation operates. In this review the major fibrolytic organisms are briefly discussed. A more extensive discussion of the enzymes involved in fiber degradation is included. We also discuss the use of plant genetic manipulation, application of free-living lignolytic fungi and the use of exogenous enzymes. Lastly, we will discuss how newer technologies such as genomic and metagenomic approaches can be used to improve our knowledge of the functional genomic framework of plant cell wall degradation in the rumen. |
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| AbstractList | Abstract
The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is unique in that efficient plant cell wall degradation relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and the host animal that provides an anaerobic fermentation chamber. Increasing the efficiency with which the rumen microbiota degrades fiber has been the subject of extensive research for at least the last 100 years. Fiber digestion in the rumen is not optimal, as is supported by the fact that fiber recovered from feces is fermentable. This view is confirmed by the knowledge that mechanical and chemical pretreatments improve fiber degradation, as well as more recent research, which has demonstrated increased fiber digestion by rumen microorganisms when plant lignin composition is modified by genetic manipulation. Rumen microbiologists have sought to improve fiber digestion by genetic and ecological manipulation of rumen fermentation. This has been difficult and a number of constraints have limited progress, including: (a) a lack of reliable transformation systems for major fibrolytic rumen bacteria, (b) a poor understanding of ecological factors that govern persistence of fibrolytic bacteria and fungi in the rumen, (c) a poor understanding of which glycolyl hydrolases need to be manipulated, and (d) a lack of knowledge of the functional genomic framework within which fiber degradation operates. In this review the major fibrolytic organisms are briefly discussed. A more extensive discussion of the enzymes involved in fiber degradation is included. We also discuss the use of plant genetic manipulation, application of free-living lignolytic fungi and the use of exogenous enzymes. Lastly, we will discuss how newer technologies such as genomic and metagenomic approaches can be used to improve our knowledge of the functional genomic framework of plant cell wall degradation in the rumen. The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is unique in that efficient plant cell wall degradation relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and the host animal that provides an anaerobic fermentation chamber. Increasing the efficiency with which the rumen microbiota degrades fiber has been the subject of extensive research for at least the last 100 years. Fiber digestion in the rumen is not optimal, as is supported by the fact that fiber recovered from feces is fermentable. This view is confirmed by the knowledge that mechanical and chemical pretreatments improve fiber degradation, as well as more recent research, which has demonstrated increased fiber digestion by rumen microorganisms when plant lignin composition is modified by genetic manipulation. Rumen microbiologists have sought to improve fiber digestion by genetic and ecological manipulation of rumen fermentation. This has been difficult and a number of constraints have limited progress, including: (a) a lack of reliable transformation systems for major fibrolytic rumen bacteria, (b) a poor understanding of ecological factors that govern persistence of fibrolytic bacteria and fungi in the rumen, (c) a poor understanding of which glycolyl hydrolases need to be manipulated, and (d) a lack of knowledge of the functional genomic framework within which fiber degradation operates. In this review the major fibrolytic organisms are briefly discussed. A more extensive discussion of the enzymes involved in fiber degradation is included. We also discuss the use of plant genetic manipulation, application of free-living lignolytic fungi and the use of exogenous enzymes. Lastly, we will discuss how newer technologies such as genomic and metagenomic approaches can be used to improve our knowledge of the functional genomic framework of plant cell wall degradation in the rumen. The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is unique in that efficient plant cell wall degradation relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and the host animal that provides an anaerobic fermentation chamber. Increasing the efficiency with which the rumen microbiota degrades fiber has been the subject of extensive research for at least the last 100 years. Fiber digestion in the rumen is not optimal, as is supported by the fact that fiber recovered from feces is fermentable. This view is confirmed by the knowledge that mechanical and chemical pretreatments improve fiber degradation, as well as more recent research, which has demonstrated increased fiber digestion by rumen microorganisms when plant lignin composition is modified by genetic manipulation. Rumen microbiologists have sought to improve fiber digestion by genetic and ecological manipulation of rumen fermentation. This has been difficult and a number of constraints have limited progress, including: (a) a lack of reliable transformation systems for major fibrolytic rumen bacteria, (b) a poor understanding of ecological factors that govern persistence of fibrolytic bacteria and fungi in the rumen, (c) a poor understanding of which glycolyl hydrolases need to be manipulated, and (d) a lack of knowledge of the functional genomic framework within which fiber degradation operates. In this review the major fibrolytic organisms are briefly discussed. A more extensive discussion of the enzymes involved in fiber degradation is included. We also discuss the use of plant genetic manipulation, application of free-living lignolytic fungi and the use of exogenous enzymes. Lastly, we will discuss how newer technologies such as genomic and metagenomic approaches can be used to improve our knowledge of the functional genomic framework of plant cell wall degradation in the rumen.The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is unique in that efficient plant cell wall degradation relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and the host animal that provides an anaerobic fermentation chamber. Increasing the efficiency with which the rumen microbiota degrades fiber has been the subject of extensive research for at least the last 100 years. Fiber digestion in the rumen is not optimal, as is supported by the fact that fiber recovered from feces is fermentable. This view is confirmed by the knowledge that mechanical and chemical pretreatments improve fiber degradation, as well as more recent research, which has demonstrated increased fiber digestion by rumen microorganisms when plant lignin composition is modified by genetic manipulation. Rumen microbiologists have sought to improve fiber digestion by genetic and ecological manipulation of rumen fermentation. This has been difficult and a number of constraints have limited progress, including: (a) a lack of reliable transformation systems for major fibrolytic rumen bacteria, (b) a poor understanding of ecological factors that govern persistence of fibrolytic bacteria and fungi in the rumen, (c) a poor understanding of which glycolyl hydrolases need to be manipulated, and (d) a lack of knowledge of the functional genomic framework within which fiber degradation operates. In this review the major fibrolytic organisms are briefly discussed. A more extensive discussion of the enzymes involved in fiber degradation is included. We also discuss the use of plant genetic manipulation, application of free-living lignolytic fungi and the use of exogenous enzymes. Lastly, we will discuss how newer technologies such as genomic and metagenomic approaches can be used to improve our knowledge of the functional genomic framework of plant cell wall degradation in the rumen. |
| Author | Mackie, Roderick I Krause, Denis O Attwood, Graeme T Denman, Stuart E Rae, Ann L Morrison, Mark McSweeney, Christopher S |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Denis O surname: Krause fullname: Krause, Denis O email: denis_krause@umanitoba.ca organization: CSIRO Australia, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Stuart E surname: Denman fullname: Denman, Stuart E organization: CSIRO Australia, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: Roderick I surname: Mackie fullname: Mackie, Roderick I organization: Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL 61801, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Mark surname: Morrison fullname: Morrison, Mark organization: The Ohio State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Columbus, OH 43210, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Ann L surname: Rae fullname: Rae, Ann L organization: CSIRO Australia, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia – sequence: 6 givenname: Graeme T surname: Attwood fullname: Attwood, Graeme T organization: AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand – sequence: 7 givenname: Christopher S surname: McSweeney fullname: McSweeney, Christopher S organization: CSIRO Australia, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15304255$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14638418$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Issue | 5 |
| Keywords | Rumen Plant cell wall Functional genome Metagenome Diversity Lignin Enzyme Genomics Microflora Review Fermentation Cell wall Fungi Bacteria Genetics Hydrolases Feces Thallophyta |
| Language | English |
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| PublicationTitle | FEMS microbiology reviews |
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| Snippet | The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is unique in... Abstract The degradation of plant cell walls by ruminants is of major economic importance in the developed as well as developing world. Rumen fermentation is... |
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| StartPage | 663 |
| SubjectTerms | Animals Bacteria Bacteriology Biodegradation Biological and medical sciences Cell walls Degradation Dietary Fiber - metabolism Dietary Fiber - microbiology Digestion Diversity Ecology Economic conditions Economic importance Enzymes Fermentation Functional genome Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fungi Genetic transformation Genetics Genomics glycolyl hydrolase Growth, nutrition, metabolism, transports, enzymes. Molecular biology Lignin Metagenome Metagenomics Microbiology Microbiota Microorganisms Miscellaneous Mycology Plant cell wall Rumen Rumen - metabolism Rumen - microbiology Rumen microorganisms Ruminants - microbiology Virology |
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| Title | Opportunities to improve fiber degradation in the rumen: microbiology, ecology, and genomics |
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