The psychological status of patients with delayed intravitreal injection for treatment of diabetic macular edema due to the COVID–19 pandemic
Since the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF)...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 18; no. 8; p. e0290260 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
25.08.2023
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0290260 |
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| Abstract | Since the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05.
A total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment.
The level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable. |
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| AbstractList | Since the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05.
A total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment.
The level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable. Since the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05. A total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment. The level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable. Background Since the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05. Results A total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment. Conclusion The level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable. BackgroundSince the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05.ResultsA total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment.ConclusionThe level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable. Since the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic.BACKGROUNDSince the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic.A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05.METHODSA cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05.A total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment.RESULTSA total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment.The level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable.CONCLUSIONThe level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable. Background Since the enforcement of the Movement Control Order (MCO) to contain the spread of COVID -19 infection in Malaysia, most clinic appointments have been rescheduled and procedures and surgeries postponed to a later date. Clinic appointments including intravitreal endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) were also no exception to the postponement. This measure takes a psychological toll on patients because of the overwhelming concern for their eye condition. This study was conducted to assess the psychological status of DME patients with delayed anti-VEGF treatment during the pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in Ophthalmology Clinic Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HCTM UKM). Subjects diagnosed with center-involved DME aged between 20 to 80 years who experienced delayed anti-VEGF injection were recruited. Level of depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 questionnaire. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests were performed to determine the relationship between the DASS-21 score and duration of last injection, in those whose vision was affected by delayed injection and the relationship to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical significance was denoted as p < 0.05. Results A total of 86 respondents with median age of 69 years old participated in this study. Most respondents were Malays (n = 47,54.7%) males (n = 51, 59.3%), had education up to secondary level (n = 37, 43%), unemployed (n = 78, 90.7%), married (n = 72, 83.7%) and living with their family (n = 82, 95.3%). The number of intravitreal injections received was at least three times among the respondents (n = 81, 94.2%). More than half of the respondents (n = 46, 53.5%) had been postponed for more than 12 weeks and felt that their vision was affected after delayed intravitreal injection (n = 47, 54.7%). Most of the subjects did not experience depression, anxiety, or stress. However, there was a significant level of stress scores among those with delayed injection of 9 to 12 weeks (p = 0.004), and significant anxiety (p = 0.029) and stress (p = 0.014) scores found in subjects with vision affected due to delayed treatment. Conclusion The level of anxiety and stress can be significant in DME patients who experienced delay in intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. Assessment of psychosocial impacts is important to identify early mental health issues potentially leading to the onset of psychiatry illness, thus early intervention is indispensable. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Mustapha, Mushawiahti Sidi, Hatta Din, Norshamsiah Md Mohd Zain, Ayesha Zaini, Mohamad Azlan |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Department of Psychiatry, National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Federal University of Paraiba, BRAZIL |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Psychiatry, National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – name: 1 Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – name: Federal University of Paraiba, BRAZIL |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mohamad Azlan surname: Zaini fullname: Zaini, Mohamad Azlan – sequence: 2 givenname: Ayesha orcidid: 0000-0002-5644-0035 surname: Mohd Zain fullname: Mohd Zain, Ayesha – sequence: 3 givenname: Norshamsiah Md orcidid: 0000-0002-5137-1632 surname: Din fullname: Din, Norshamsiah Md – sequence: 4 givenname: Mushawiahti surname: Mustapha fullname: Mustapha, Mushawiahti – sequence: 5 givenname: Hatta surname: Sidi fullname: Sidi, Hatta |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37624864$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare12161639 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm13113081 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1017/dmp.2013.22 10.1007/s00417-021-05174-4 10.17576/MH.2020.1501.18 10.1038/414782a 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02529-9 10.2147/OPTH.S300239 10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i77 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201 10.1186/s12888-022-03994-0 10.4236/ojepi.2015.54030 10.21834/e-bpj.v2i6.942 |
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| Copyright | Copyright: © 2023 Zaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. COPYRIGHT 2023 Public Library of Science 2023 Zaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2023 Zaini et al 2023 Zaini et al 2023 Zaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright: © 2023 Zaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. – notice: COPYRIGHT 2023 Public Library of Science – notice: 2023 Zaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2023 Zaini et al 2023 Zaini et al – notice: 2023 Zaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0290260 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Psychological status of patients with delayed intravitreal injection |
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| License | Copyright: © 2023 Zaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. cc-by Creative Commons Attribution License |
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| References | G Serafini (pone.0290260.ref012) 2020; 113 R Dandona (pone.0290260.ref019) 2001; 79 PM Livingston (pone.0290260.ref017) 1998; 169 AV Das (pone.0290260.ref021) 2021 KYY Ng (pone.0290260.ref014) 2020 CK Teh (pone.0290260.ref010) 2015; 05 P Zimmet (pone.0290260.ref001) 2001; 414 pone.0290260.ref005 K. Nieuwenhuijsen (pone.0290260.ref009) 2003; 60 N. H. Buari (pone.0290260.ref015) 2017; 2 I Chatziralli (pone.0290260.ref011) 2021 MH Abd Rahman (pone.0290260.ref006) 2020; 15 pone.0290260.ref007 pone.0290260.ref022 LG Stone (pone.0290260.ref020) 2021; 259 pone.0290260.ref002 G Sprang (pone.0290260.ref004) 2013; 7 pone.0290260.ref003 E Moya (pone.0290260.ref008) 2022; 22 I. Tajunisah (pone.0290260.ref016) 2011; 4 JP Rozon (pone.0290260.ref013) 2021; 15 CNB Merz (pone.0290260.ref018) 2002; 40 |
| References_xml | – volume: 4 start-page: 519 issue: 5 year: 2011 ident: pone.0290260.ref016 article-title: Awareness of Eye Complications and Prevalence of Retinopathy in The First Visit to Eye Clinic Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients publication-title: International Journal of Ophthalmology – volume: 7 start-page: 105 issue: 1 year: 2013 ident: pone.0290260.ref004 article-title: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters publication-title: Disaster med public health prep doi: 10.1017/dmp.2013.22 – start-page: 1494 issue: 6 year: 2020 ident: pone.0290260.ref014 article-title: Understanding the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients With Cancer, Their Caregivers, and Health Care Workers in Singapore publication-title: JCO Global Oncology – volume: 259 start-page: 1773 issue: 7 year: 2021 ident: pone.0290260.ref020 article-title: Delayed follow-up of medical retina patients due to COVID-19: impact on disease activity and visual acuity publication-title: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol doi: 10.1007/s00417-021-05174-4 – volume: 15 start-page: 198 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: pone.0290260.ref006 article-title: Mental Health State of Low Vision Patients using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale publication-title: MH doi: 10.17576/MH.2020.1501.18 – volume: 414 start-page: 782 issue: 6865 year: 2001 ident: pone.0290260.ref001 article-title: Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/414782a – ident: pone.0290260.ref007 – year: 2021 ident: pone.0290260.ref011 article-title: Effect of COVID-19-Associated Lockdown on Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy publication-title: Cureus – volume: 40 start-page: 1877 issue: 10 year: 2002 ident: pone.0290260.ref018 article-title: Physician attitudes and practices and patient awareness of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes publication-title: Journal of the American College of Cardiology doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02529-9 – volume: 15 start-page: 1153 year: 2021 ident: pone.0290260.ref013 article-title: Fear Associated with COVID-19 in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration publication-title: OPTH doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S300239 – volume: 79 start-page: 96 issue: 2 year: 2001 ident: pone.0290260.ref019 article-title: Awareness of eye diseases in an urban population in southern India publication-title: Bull World Health Organ – volume: 60 start-page: 77i issue: 90001 year: 2003 ident: pone.0290260.ref009 article-title: The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): detecting anxiety disorder and depression in employees absent from work because of mental health problems publication-title: Occupational and Environmental Medicine doi: 10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i77 – year: 2021 ident: pone.0290260.ref021 article-title: Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Presentation of Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy in a Multitier Ophthalmology Network in India publication-title: Cureus – ident: pone.0290260.ref022 – volume: 169 start-page: 117 issue: 2 year: 1998 ident: pone.0290260.ref017 publication-title: Awareness of diabetic retinopathy among people who attended a diabetic retinopathy screening program – volume: 113 start-page: 531 issue: 8 year: 2020 ident: pone.0290260.ref012 article-title: The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population publication-title: QJM: An International Journal of Medicine doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201 – ident: pone.0290260.ref003 – ident: pone.0290260.ref002 – ident: pone.0290260.ref005 – volume: 22 start-page: 352 issue: 1 year: 2022 ident: pone.0290260.ref008 article-title: Reliability and validity of depression anxiety stress scale (DASS)-21 in screening for common mental disorders among postpartum women in Malawi publication-title: BMC Psychiatry doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03994-0 – volume: 05 start-page: 260 issue: 04 year: 2015 ident: pone.0290260.ref010 article-title: Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Undergraduate Students: A Cross Sectional Study publication-title: OJEpi doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2015.54030 – volume: 2 start-page: 125 issue: 6 year: 2017 ident: pone.0290260.ref015 article-title: The Association of Awareness and Knowledge of Diabetic Retinopathy with Age and Residential Area In Selangor publication-title: Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal doi: 10.21834/e-bpj.v2i6.942 |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Analysis Anxiety Biology and Life Sciences Care and treatment Clinical medicine Complications and side effects COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies Depression, Mental Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Retinopathy - complications Diabetic Retinopathy - drug therapy Diabetic Retinopathy - epidemiology Diagnosis Disease transmission Dropsy Edema Epidemics Eye diseases Families & family life Female Growth factors Health aspects Humans Injection Intravitreal Injections Macular Edema - drug therapy Macular Edema - epidemiology Malaysia Male Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Medicine, Experimental Mental depression Mental disorders Mental health Middle Aged Ophthalmology Pandemics Patients Psychiatry Risk factors Severe acute respiratory syndrome Social Sciences Statistical analysis Stress Stress (Psychology) Vascular endothelial growth factor Vision Young Adult |
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