Methods matter: the relationship between strength and hypertrophy depends on methods of measurement and analysis
The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis c...
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| Published in | PeerJ (San Francisco, CA) Vol. 6; p. e5071 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
PeerJ. Ltd
27.06.2018
PeerJ, Inc PeerJ Inc |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2167-8359 2167-8359 |
| DOI | 10.7717/peerj.5071 |
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| Abstract | The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain.
Data from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling.
The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (
= 0.326-0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (
= 0.36-0.55).
Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations. |
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| AbstractList | The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain.
Data from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling.
The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (
= 0.326-0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (
= 0.36-0.55).
Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations. Purpose The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain. Methods Data from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling. Results The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r=0.326-0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period ([rho]=0.36-0.55). Conclusions Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations. The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain. Data from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling. The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r=0.326-0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period ([rho]=0.36-0.55). Purpose The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain. Methods Data from a previous study—in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining—were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling. Results The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0–24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r = 0.326–0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (ρ = 0.36–0.55). Conclusions Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations. The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain.PURPOSEThe relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain.Data from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling.METHODSData from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling.The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r = 0.326-0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (ρ = 0.36-0.55).RESULTSThe associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r = 0.326-0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (ρ = 0.36-0.55).Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations.CONCLUSIONSMethods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations. Purpose The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain. Methods Data from a previous study—in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining—were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling. Results The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0–24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r = 0.326–0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (ρ = 0.36–0.55). Conclusions Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations. |
| ArticleNumber | e5071 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Schoenfeld, Brad J. Brown, J. Mark Than, Christian Vigotsky, Andrew D. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Andrew D. surname: Vigotsky fullname: Vigotsky, Andrew D. organization: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Brad J. surname: Schoenfeld fullname: Schoenfeld, Brad J. organization: Department of Health Sciences, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America – sequence: 3 givenname: Christian surname: Than fullname: Than, Christian organization: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: J. Mark surname: Brown fullname: Brown, J. Mark organization: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29967737$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s40279_021_01619_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00421_022_04998_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mehy_2019_02_030 crossref_primary_10_1080_23328940_2019_1624131 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2019_00247 crossref_primary_10_17338_trainology_9_1_20 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192316226 crossref_primary_10_1519_JSC_0000000000003150 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12877_021_02301_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s40279_019_01106_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40279_019_01107_8 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2019_01571 crossref_primary_10_1519_JSC_0000000000003159 crossref_primary_10_1111_sms_14608 crossref_primary_10_1139_apnm_2020_0021 crossref_primary_10_1519_JSC_0000000000004722 crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2022_960760 crossref_primary_10_1152_japplphysiol_00133_2020 crossref_primary_10_3390_children9050728 crossref_primary_10_3390_sports10120199 |
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| Keywords | Regression Hierarchical linear models Repeated measures Analysis of covariance Strength Hypertrophy |
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| Snippet | The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been... Purpose The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not... |
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| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | e5071 |
| SubjectTerms | Analysis of covariance Biomechanics Comparative analysis Elbow Exercise Hierarchical linear models Hypertrophy Kinesiology Mathematical models Muscle strength Physical fitness Physiology Regression Repeated measures Statistical analysis Statistics Strength Strength training Studies Systematic review Within-subjects design |
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| Title | Methods matter: the relationship between strength and hypertrophy depends on methods of measurement and analysis |
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