Sound comparison of seven TMS coils at matched stimulation strength
Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account f...
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Published in | Brain stimulation Vol. 13; no. 3; pp. 873 - 880 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Elsevier Inc
01.05.2020
Elsevier |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 1935-861X 1876-4754 1876-4754 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.004 |
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Abstract | Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.
We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms.
Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76–98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 90–112 dB(A), respectively.
The coils’ airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection.
•Coil click varies by over 20 dB between TMS coils at matched stimulation strength.•Close to a TMS coil, airborne sound pressure level may reach nearly 140 dB(Z).•During rTMS, continuous airborne sound level may exceed 110 dB(A).•Sound level of rTMS may exceed some standard safety limits for both subject and operator. |
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AbstractList | Background: Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. Methods: We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms. Results: Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76–98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 90–112 dB(A), respectively. Conclusions: The coils’ airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection. Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.BACKGROUNDAccurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength-duration model to account for different waveforms.METHODSWe recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength-duration model to account for different waveforms.Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98-125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76-98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112-139 dB(Z) and 90-112 dB(A), respectively.RESULTSAcross coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98-125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76-98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112-139 dB(Z) and 90-112 dB(A), respectively.The coils' airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection.CONCLUSIONSThe coils' airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection. Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength-duration model to account for different waveforms. Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98-125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76-98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112-139 dB(Z) and 90-112 dB(A), respectively. The coils' airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection. Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms. Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76–98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 90–112 dB(A), respectively. The coils’ airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection. •Coil click varies by over 20 dB between TMS coils at matched stimulation strength.•Close to a TMS coil, airborne sound pressure level may reach nearly 140 dB(Z).•During rTMS, continuous airborne sound level may exceed 110 dB(A).•Sound level of rTMS may exceed some standard safety limits for both subject and operator. |
Author | Koponen, Lari M. Goetz, Stefan M. Tucci, Debara L. Peterchev, Angel V. |
AuthorAffiliation | d Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA c Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA e Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA b Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: d Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA – name: b Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA – name: e Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA – name: a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA – name: c Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lari M. surname: Koponen fullname: Koponen, Lari M. organization: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Stefan M. surname: Goetz fullname: Goetz, Stefan M. organization: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Debara L. surname: Tucci fullname: Tucci, Debara L. organization: Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Angel V. orcidid: 0000-0002-4385-065X surname: Peterchev fullname: Peterchev, Angel V. email: angel.peterchev@duke.edu organization: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32289720$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | Stimulation strength Sound Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS Hearing safety Coil click |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 Author contribution statement Lari M. Koponen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - Original draft, Visualization, Project administration; Stefan M. Goetz: Conceptualization, Writing - reviewing and editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition; Debara L. Tucci: Writing - reviewing and editing, Funding acquisition; Angel V. Peterchev: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing - reviewing and editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. |
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Snippet | Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.
We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high... Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.BACKGROUNDAccurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial... Background: Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. Methods: We recorded the sound waveforms of seven... |
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SubjectTerms | Coil click Female Hearing - physiology Hearing safety Humans Male Sound Stimulation strength TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - methods Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - standards |
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Title | Sound comparison of seven TMS coils at matched stimulation strength |
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