Sound comparison of seven TMS coils at matched stimulation strength

Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account f...

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Published inBrain stimulation Vol. 13; no. 3; pp. 873 - 880
Main Authors Koponen, Lari M., Goetz, Stefan M., Tucci, Debara L., Peterchev, Angel V.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.05.2020
Elsevier
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1935-861X
1876-4754
1876-4754
DOI10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.004

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Abstract Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms. Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76–98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 90–112 dB(A), respectively. The coils’ airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection. •Coil click varies by over 20 dB between TMS coils at matched stimulation strength.•Close to a TMS coil, airborne sound pressure level may reach nearly 140 dB(Z).•During rTMS, continuous airborne sound level may exceed 110 dB(A).•Sound level of rTMS may exceed some standard safety limits for both subject and operator.
AbstractList Background: Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. Methods: We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms. Results: Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76–98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 90–112 dB(A), respectively. Conclusions: The coils’ airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection.
Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.BACKGROUNDAccurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength-duration model to account for different waveforms.METHODSWe recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength-duration model to account for different waveforms.Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98-125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76-98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112-139 dB(Z) and 90-112 dB(A), respectively.RESULTSAcross coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98-125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76-98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112-139 dB(Z) and 90-112 dB(A), respectively.The coils' airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection.CONCLUSIONSThe coils' airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection.
Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength-duration model to account for different waveforms. Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98-125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76-98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112-139 dB(Z) and 90-112 dB(A), respectively. The coils' airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection.
Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms. Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 76–98 dB(A) for a 20 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 90–112 dB(A), respectively. The coils’ airborne sound can exceed some exposure limits for TMS subjects and, in some cases, for operators. These findings are consistent with the current TMS safety guidelines that recommend the use of hearing protection. •Coil click varies by over 20 dB between TMS coils at matched stimulation strength.•Close to a TMS coil, airborne sound pressure level may reach nearly 140 dB(Z).•During rTMS, continuous airborne sound level may exceed 110 dB(A).•Sound level of rTMS may exceed some standard safety limits for both subject and operator.
Author Koponen, Lari M.
Goetz, Stefan M.
Tucci, Debara L.
Peterchev, Angel V.
AuthorAffiliation d Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
c Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
e Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
b Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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  givenname: Debara L.
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Issue 3
Keywords Stimulation strength
Sound
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
TMS
Hearing safety
Coil click
Language English
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Author contribution statement
Lari M. Koponen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - Original draft, Visualization, Project administration; Stefan M. Goetz: Conceptualization, Writing - reviewing and editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition; Debara L. Tucci: Writing - reviewing and editing, Funding acquisition; Angel V. Peterchev: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing - reviewing and editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition.
ORCID 0000-0002-4385-065X
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Snippet Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high...
Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.BACKGROUNDAccurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial...
Background: Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking. Methods: We recorded the sound waveforms of seven...
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SubjectTerms Coil click
Female
Hearing - physiology
Hearing safety
Humans
Male
Sound
Stimulation strength
TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - methods
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - standards
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Title Sound comparison of seven TMS coils at matched stimulation strength
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S1935861X20300577
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.004
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