Microglial regional heterogeneity and its role in the brain

Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism and functional meaning of this phenomenon are currently unclear. Baseline diversities of adult microg...

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Published inMolecular psychiatry Vol. 25; no. 2; pp. 351 - 367
Main Authors Tan, Yun-Long, Yuan, Yi, Tian, Li
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.02.2020
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
631/378
692/699/476
Animals
Behavioral Sciences
Biological Psychology
Brain - metabolism
Brain - physiology
Brain research
Cell number
Central nervous system
Central Nervous System - metabolism
Central Nervous System - physiology
Central Nervous System Diseases - pathology
Development and progression
Gene expression
Humans
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Mental disorders
Microglia
Microglia - metabolism
Microglia - physiology
Nervous system
Nervous system diseases
Neuronal-glial interactions
Neurons
Neurosciences
Pharmacotherapy
Physiology
Psychiatry
Review
Review Article
RNA sequencing
Spatial heterogeneity
Transcriptome
Transcriptomics
Canada
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1359-4184
1476-5578
1476-5578
DOI10.1038/s41380-019-0609-8

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Abstract Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism and functional meaning of this phenomenon are currently unclear. Baseline diversities of adult microglia in their cell number, cellular and subcellular structures, molecular signature as well as relevant functions have been discovered. But recent transcriptomic studies using bulk RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq have produced conflicting results on region-specific signatures of microglia. It is highly speculative whether such spatial heterogeneity contributes to varying sensitivities of individual microglia to the same physiological and pathological signals in different CNS regions, and hence underlie their functional relevance for CNS disease development. This review aims to thoroughly summarize up-to-date knowledge on this specific topic and provide some insights on the potential underlying mechanisms, starting from microgliogenesis. Understanding regional heterogeneity of microglia in the context of their diverse neighboring neurons and other glia may provide an important clue for future development of innovative therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
AbstractList Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism and functional meaning of this phenomenon are currently unclear. Baseline diversities of adult microglia in their cell number, cellular and subcellular structures, molecular signature as well as relevant functions have been discovered. But recent transcriptomic studies using bulk RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq have produced conflicting results on region-specific signatures of microglia. It is highly speculative whether such spatial heterogeneity contributes to varying sensitivities of individual microglia to the same physiological and pathological signals in different CNS regions, and hence underlie their functional relevance for CNS disease development. This review aims to thoroughly summarize up-to-date knowledge on this specific topic and provide some insights on the potential underlying mechanisms, starting from microgliogenesis. Understanding regional heterogeneity of microglia in the context of their diverse neighboring neurons and other glia may provide an important clue for future development of innovative therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism and functional meaning of this phenomenon are currently unclear. Baseline diversities of adult microglia in their cell number, cellular and subcellular structures, molecular signature as well as relevant functions have been discovered. But recent transcriptomic studies using bulk RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq have produced conflicting results on region-specific signatures of microglia. It is highly speculative whether such spatial heterogeneity contributes to varying sensitivities of individual microglia to the same physiological and pathological signals in different CNS regions, and hence underlie their functional relevance for CNS disease development. This review aims to thoroughly summarize up-to-date knowledge on this specific topic and provide some insights on the potential underlying mechanisms, starting from microgliogenesis. Understanding regional heterogeneity of microglia in the context of their diverse neighboring neurons and other glia may provide an important clue for future development of innovative therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism and functional meaning of this phenomenon are currently unclear. Baseline diversities of adult microglia in their cell number, cellular and subcellular structures, molecular signature as well as relevant functions have been discovered. But recent transcriptomic studies using bulk RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq have produced conflicting results on region-specific signatures of microglia. It is highly speculative whether such spatial heterogeneity contributes to varying sensitivities of individual microglia to the same physiological and pathological signals in different CNS regions, and hence underlie their functional relevance for CNS disease development. This review aims to thoroughly summarize up-to-date knowledge on this specific topic and provide some insights on the potential underlying mechanisms, starting from microgliogenesis. Understanding regional heterogeneity of microglia in the context of their diverse neighboring neurons and other glia may provide an important clue for future development of innovative therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Audience Academic
Author Tan, Yun-Long
Tian, Li
Yuan, Yi
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yun-Long
  surname: Tan
  fullname: Tan, Yun-Long
  organization: Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Yi
  surname: Yuan
  fullname: Yuan, Yi
  organization: Children’s Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Li
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0222-7076
  surname: Tian
  fullname: Tian, Li
  email: li.tian@ut.ee
  organization: Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31772305$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system...
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SubjectTerms 631/378
692/699/476
Animals
Behavioral Sciences
Biological Psychology
Brain - metabolism
Brain - physiology
Brain research
Cell number
Central nervous system
Central Nervous System - metabolism
Central Nervous System - physiology
Central Nervous System Diseases - pathology
Development and progression
Gene expression
Humans
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Mental disorders
Microglia
Microglia - metabolism
Microglia - physiology
Nervous system
Nervous system diseases
Neuronal-glial interactions
Neurons
Neurosciences
Pharmacotherapy
Physiology
Psychiatry
Review
Review Article
RNA sequencing
Spatial heterogeneity
Transcriptome
Transcriptomics
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Title Microglial regional heterogeneity and its role in the brain
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