Exploration of reference genes for the development of a diagnostic kit on vascular aging in human saliva
Identifying reliable biomarkers in saliva can be a promising approach to developing a rapid diagnostic kit for detecting vascular aging. This study investigated the most suitable reference gene for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in saliva that is not affected by vascular aging variables. Whole sali...
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| Published in | Dental Materials Journal Vol. 43; no. 2; pp. 172 - 178 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Japan
The Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices
25.03.2024
Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices Japan Science and Technology Agency |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0287-4547 1881-1361 1881-1361 |
| DOI | 10.4012/dmj.2023-242 |
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| Abstract | Identifying reliable biomarkers in saliva can be a promising approach to developing a rapid diagnostic kit for detecting vascular aging. This study investigated the most suitable reference gene for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in saliva that is not affected by vascular aging variables. Whole saliva samples were collected to assess the expression of reference genes: actin beta (ACTB), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), beta-2-microglobulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The most abundantly expressed gene was 18S rRNA, and the least expressed gene was GAPDH. Four genes were ranked according to their relative stability, as determined by mathematical algorithms, indicating that ACTB and 18S rRNA were stably expressed as reference genes. 18S rRNA was identified as the most promising reference gene for detecting systemic diseases using saliva from patients with vascular aging in these limited experimental conditions. |
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| AbstractList | Identifying reliable biomarkers in saliva can be a promising approach to developing a rapid diagnostic kit for detecting vascular aging. This study investigated the most suitable reference gene for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in saliva that is not affected by vascular aging variables. Whole saliva samples were collected to assess the expression of reference genes: actin beta (ACTB), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), beta-2-microglobulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The most abundantly expressed gene was 18S rRNA, and the least expressed gene was GAPDH. Four genes were ranked according to their relative stability, as determined by mathematical algorithms, indicating that ACTB and 18S rRNA were stably expressed as reference genes. 18S rRNA was identified as the most promising reference gene for detecting systemic diseases using saliva from patients with vascular aging in these limited experimental conditions.Identifying reliable biomarkers in saliva can be a promising approach to developing a rapid diagnostic kit for detecting vascular aging. This study investigated the most suitable reference gene for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in saliva that is not affected by vascular aging variables. Whole saliva samples were collected to assess the expression of reference genes: actin beta (ACTB), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), beta-2-microglobulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The most abundantly expressed gene was 18S rRNA, and the least expressed gene was GAPDH. Four genes were ranked according to their relative stability, as determined by mathematical algorithms, indicating that ACTB and 18S rRNA were stably expressed as reference genes. 18S rRNA was identified as the most promising reference gene for detecting systemic diseases using saliva from patients with vascular aging in these limited experimental conditions. Identifying reliable biomarkers in saliva can be a promising approach to developing a rapid diagnostic kit for detecting vascular aging. This study investigated the most suitable reference gene for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in saliva that is not affected by vascular aging variables. Whole saliva samples were collected to assess the expression of reference genes: actin beta (ACTB), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), beta-2-microglobulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The most abundantly expressed gene was 18S rRNA, and the least expressed gene was GAPDH. Four genes were ranked according to their relative stability, as determined by mathematical algorithms, indicating that ACTB and 18S rRNA were stably expressed as reference genes. 18S rRNA was identified as the most promising reference gene for detecting systemic diseases using saliva from patients with vascular aging in these limited experimental conditions. |
| ArticleNumber | 2023-242 |
| Author | HAMADA, Yoshihiro SHIMIZU, Hideo NINOMIYA, Yuichi MIYOSHI, Shinsuke KAWAMOTO, Akiyo HONDA, Yoshitomo TAKAHASHI, Kazuya |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: MIYOSHI, Shinsuke organization: Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University – sequence: 1 fullname: HAMADA, Yoshihiro organization: Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University – sequence: 1 fullname: HONDA, Yoshitomo organization: Department of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University – sequence: 1 fullname: NINOMIYA, Yuichi organization: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences – sequence: 1 fullname: KAWAMOTO, Akiyo organization: Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University – sequence: 1 fullname: TAKAHASHI, Kazuya organization: Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University – sequence: 1 fullname: SHIMIZU, Hideo organization: Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Dental University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38246628$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-research0034 10.1038/s41598-022-05670-5 10.17219/acem/118845 10.1007/s00392-019-01557-0 10.1016/j.ajoms.2013.05.013 10.1371/journal.pone.0100123 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.09.008 10.1007/s11103-012-9885-2 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.03.004 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.002 10.1007/s13353-013-0173-x 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.177 10.1111/jtxs.12356 10.1136/thorax.57.9.765 10.1053/plac.2002.0859 10.1111/jgs.13652 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82019-X 10.1371/journal.pone.0198021 10.1111/jre.12406 10.1038/bmt.2012.244 10.1038/s41368-022-00209-w 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq165 10.1186/s12883-018-1160-y 10.1373/clinchem.2008.112797 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0496 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.08.014 10.23736/S0026-4970.17.04062-6 10.1023/B:BILE.0000019559.84305.47 |
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| Copyright | 2024 The Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices Copyright Japan Science and Technology Agency 2024 |
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| Keywords | Vascular aging Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) Human whole saliva Reference gene |
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| References | 21) Mattace-Raso F, Hofman A, Verwoert G, Wittemana J, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J, et al. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: ‘establishing normal and reference values’. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2338-2350. 22) Xu Y, Xie J, Cao Y, Zhou H, Ping Y, Chen L, et al. Development of highly sensitive and specific mRNA multiplex system (XCYR1) for forensic human body fluids and tissues identification. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100123. 28) Mogal A, Abdulkadir SA. Effects of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (HDACi); Trichostatin-A (TSA) on the expression of housekeeping genes. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20: 81-86. 13) Radonić A, Thulke S, Mackay IM, Landt O, Siegert W, Nitsche A. Guideline to reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313: 856-862. 31) The Cabinet Office: Basic Policy on Economic and Fiscal Management and Reform 2022 https://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai-shimon/kaigi/cabinet/honebuto/2022/2022_basicpolicies_en.pdf 26) Patel P, Boyd CA, Johnston DG, Williamson C. Analysis of GAPDH as a standard for gene expression quantification in human placenta. Placenta 2002; 23: 697-698. 29) Edgar M, Dawes C, O’Mullane D. Saliva and oral health fourth edition. British Dental Association, London 2012: 1-154. 25) Glare EM, Divjak M, Bailey MJ, Walters EH. beta-Actin and GAPDH housekeeping gene expression in asthmatic airways is variable and not suitable for normalising mRNA levels. Thorax 2002; 57: 765-770. 1) Affoo RH, Foley N, Garrick R, Siqueira WL, Martin RE. Meta-analysis of salivary flow rates in young and older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63: 2142-2151. 19) Andersen CL, Jensen JL, Ørntoft TF. Normalization of real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data: A model-based variance estimation approach to identify genes suited for normalization, applied to bladder and colon cancer data sets. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 5245-5250. 23) Ostheim P, Alemu SW, Tichý A, Sirak I, Davidkova M, Stastna MM, et al. Examining potential confounding factors in gene expression analysis of human saliva and identifying potential housekeeping genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 2312. 27) Bednarz-Misa I, Neubauer K, Zacharska E, Kapturkiewicz B, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Whole blood ACTB, B2M and GAPDH expression reflects activity of inflammatory bowel disease, advancement of colorectal cancer, and correlates with circulating inflammatory and angiogenic factors: Relevance for real-time quantitative PCR. Adv Clin Exp Med 2020; 29: 547-556. 15) Hamada Y, Honda Y, Kawamoto A, Shimizu H, Takahashi K. Detection of biomarkers on aging and vascular senescence in saliva. J Osaka Dent Univ 2020; 54: 117-125. 20) Xie F, Xiao P, Chen D, Xu L, Zhang B. miRDeepFinder: A miRNA analysis tool for deep sequencing of plant small RNAs. Plant Mol Biol 2012; 80: 75-84. 17) Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, et al. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol 2002; 3: research0034.1. 5) Ebersole JL, Kryscio RJ, Campbell C, Kinane DF, McDevitt J, Christodoulides N, et al. Salivary and serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52: 419-427. 7) Aydin S, Aydin S, Kobat MA, Kalayci M, Eren MN, Yilmaz M, et al. Decreased saliva/serum irisin concentrations in the acute myocardial infarction promising for being a new candidate biomarker for diagnosis of this pathology. Peptides 2014; 56: 141-145. 18) Pfaffl MW, Tichopad A, Prgomet C, Neuvians TP. Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper —Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26: 509-515. 24) Song M, Bai H, Zhang P, Zhou X, Ying B. Promising applications of human-derived saliva biomarker testing in clinical diagnostics. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15: 2. 12) Kozera B, Rapacz M. Reference genes in real-time PCR. J Appl Genet 2013; 54: 391-406. 16) Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 48: 452-458. 30) Gomar-Vercher S, Simón-Soro A, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM, Mira A. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples have significantly different bacterial profiles. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0198021. 14) Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, et al. The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem 2009; 55: 611-622. 3) Denver R, Tzanidis A, Martin P, Krum H. Salivary endothelin concentrations in the assessment of chronic heart failure. The Lancet 2000; 355: 468-469. 11) Park NJ, Zhou X, Yu T, Brinkman BM, Zimmermann BG, Palanisamy V, et al. Characterization of salivary RNA by cDNA library analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52: 30-35. 8) Sabaei M, Rahimian S, Haj Mohamad Ebrahim Ketabforoush A, Rasoolijazi H, Zamani B, Hajiakhoundi F, et al. Salivary levels of disease-related biomarkers in the early stages of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease: A cross-sectional study. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14: 285-292. 10) Katakura A, Yamamoto N, Sakuma T, Sugahara K, Onda T, Noguchi S, et al. A screening test for oral cancer using saliva samples: Proteomic analysis of biomarkers in whole saliva. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol 2015; 27: 1-5. 9) Sabbagh MN, Shi J, Lee M, Arnold L, Al-Hasan Y, Heim J, et al. Salivary beta amyloid protein levels are detectable and differentiate patients with Alzheimer’s disease dementia from normal controls: Preliminary findings. BMC Neurol 2018; 18: 155. 6) Zhang X, Karunathilaka N, Senanayake S, Subramaniam VN, Chan W, Kostner K, et al. The potential prognostic utility of salivary galectin-3 concentrations in heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 109: 685-692. 2) Xu F, Laguna L, Sarkar A. Aging-related changes in quantity and quality of saliva: Where do we stand in our understanding? J Texture Stud 2019; 50: 27-35. 4) Al-Rawi NH, Shahid AM. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and lipid profile in the serum and saliva of individuals with coronary heart disease: Is there a link with periodontal health? Minerva Stomatol 2017; 66: 212-225. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 24) Song M, Bai H, Zhang P, Zhou X, Ying B. Promising applications of human-derived saliva biomarker testing in clinical diagnostics. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15: 2. – reference: 1) Affoo RH, Foley N, Garrick R, Siqueira WL, Martin RE. Meta-analysis of salivary flow rates in young and older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63: 2142-2151. – reference: 7) Aydin S, Aydin S, Kobat MA, Kalayci M, Eren MN, Yilmaz M, et al. Decreased saliva/serum irisin concentrations in the acute myocardial infarction promising for being a new candidate biomarker for diagnosis of this pathology. Peptides 2014; 56: 141-145. – reference: 2) Xu F, Laguna L, Sarkar A. Aging-related changes in quantity and quality of saliva: Where do we stand in our understanding? J Texture Stud 2019; 50: 27-35. – reference: 18) Pfaffl MW, Tichopad A, Prgomet C, Neuvians TP. Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper —Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26: 509-515. – reference: 14) Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, et al. The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem 2009; 55: 611-622. – reference: 31) The Cabinet Office: Basic Policy on Economic and Fiscal Management and Reform 2022 https://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai-shimon/kaigi/cabinet/honebuto/2022/2022_basicpolicies_en.pdf – reference: 16) Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 48: 452-458. – reference: 10) Katakura A, Yamamoto N, Sakuma T, Sugahara K, Onda T, Noguchi S, et al. A screening test for oral cancer using saliva samples: Proteomic analysis of biomarkers in whole saliva. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol 2015; 27: 1-5. – reference: 13) Radonić A, Thulke S, Mackay IM, Landt O, Siegert W, Nitsche A. Guideline to reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313: 856-862. – reference: 5) Ebersole JL, Kryscio RJ, Campbell C, Kinane DF, McDevitt J, Christodoulides N, et al. Salivary and serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52: 419-427. – reference: 27) Bednarz-Misa I, Neubauer K, Zacharska E, Kapturkiewicz B, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Whole blood ACTB, B2M and GAPDH expression reflects activity of inflammatory bowel disease, advancement of colorectal cancer, and correlates with circulating inflammatory and angiogenic factors: Relevance for real-time quantitative PCR. Adv Clin Exp Med 2020; 29: 547-556. – reference: 30) Gomar-Vercher S, Simón-Soro A, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM, Mira A. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples have significantly different bacterial profiles. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0198021. – reference: 20) Xie F, Xiao P, Chen D, Xu L, Zhang B. miRDeepFinder: A miRNA analysis tool for deep sequencing of plant small RNAs. Plant Mol Biol 2012; 80: 75-84. – reference: 19) Andersen CL, Jensen JL, Ørntoft TF. Normalization of real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data: A model-based variance estimation approach to identify genes suited for normalization, applied to bladder and colon cancer data sets. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 5245-5250. – reference: 15) Hamada Y, Honda Y, Kawamoto A, Shimizu H, Takahashi K. Detection of biomarkers on aging and vascular senescence in saliva. J Osaka Dent Univ 2020; 54: 117-125. – reference: 22) Xu Y, Xie J, Cao Y, Zhou H, Ping Y, Chen L, et al. Development of highly sensitive and specific mRNA multiplex system (XCYR1) for forensic human body fluids and tissues identification. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100123. – reference: 28) Mogal A, Abdulkadir SA. Effects of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (HDACi); Trichostatin-A (TSA) on the expression of housekeeping genes. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20: 81-86. – reference: 6) Zhang X, Karunathilaka N, Senanayake S, Subramaniam VN, Chan W, Kostner K, et al. The potential prognostic utility of salivary galectin-3 concentrations in heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 109: 685-692. – reference: 26) Patel P, Boyd CA, Johnston DG, Williamson C. Analysis of GAPDH as a standard for gene expression quantification in human placenta. Placenta 2002; 23: 697-698. – reference: 17) Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, et al. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol 2002; 3: research0034.1. – reference: 29) Edgar M, Dawes C, O’Mullane D. Saliva and oral health fourth edition. British Dental Association, London 2012: 1-154. – reference: 9) Sabbagh MN, Shi J, Lee M, Arnold L, Al-Hasan Y, Heim J, et al. Salivary beta amyloid protein levels are detectable and differentiate patients with Alzheimer’s disease dementia from normal controls: Preliminary findings. BMC Neurol 2018; 18: 155. – reference: 3) Denver R, Tzanidis A, Martin P, Krum H. Salivary endothelin concentrations in the assessment of chronic heart failure. The Lancet 2000; 355: 468-469. – reference: 4) Al-Rawi NH, Shahid AM. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and lipid profile in the serum and saliva of individuals with coronary heart disease: Is there a link with periodontal health? Minerva Stomatol 2017; 66: 212-225. – reference: 23) Ostheim P, Alemu SW, Tichý A, Sirak I, Davidkova M, Stastna MM, et al. Examining potential confounding factors in gene expression analysis of human saliva and identifying potential housekeeping genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 2312. – reference: 8) Sabaei M, Rahimian S, Haj Mohamad Ebrahim Ketabforoush A, Rasoolijazi H, Zamani B, Hajiakhoundi F, et al. Salivary levels of disease-related biomarkers in the early stages of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease: A cross-sectional study. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14: 285-292. – reference: 12) Kozera B, Rapacz M. Reference genes in real-time PCR. J Appl Genet 2013; 54: 391-406. – reference: 11) Park NJ, Zhou X, Yu T, Brinkman BM, Zimmermann BG, Palanisamy V, et al. Characterization of salivary RNA by cDNA library analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52: 30-35. – reference: 21) Mattace-Raso F, Hofman A, Verwoert G, Wittemana J, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J, et al. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: ‘establishing normal and reference values’. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2338-2350. – reference: 25) Glare EM, Divjak M, Bailey MJ, Walters EH. beta-Actin and GAPDH housekeeping gene expression in asthmatic airways is variable and not suitable for normalising mRNA levels. 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| Snippet | Identifying reliable biomarkers in saliva can be a promising approach to developing a rapid diagnostic kit for detecting vascular aging. This study... |
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| SubjectTerms | Actin Aging Aging - genetics Algorithms Biomarkers Diagnostic systems Gene expression Gene Expression Profiling Genes Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases - genetics Humans Human whole saliva Polymerase chain reaction Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Reference gene Reference Standards Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - metabolism rRNA 18S Saliva Vascular aging β2 Microglobulin |
| Title | Exploration of reference genes for the development of a diagnostic kit on vascular aging in human saliva |
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