Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population
The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS. Females are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. Th...
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| Published in | Journal of psychosomatic research Vol. 71; no. 2; pp. 74 - 78 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York, NY
Elsevier Inc
01.08.2011
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0022-3999 1879-1360 1879-1360 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005 |
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| Abstract | The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
A representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS.
Females are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. The mean scores for anxiety / depression are 4.4 / 4.8 (males) and 5.0 / 4.7 (females). Using the cut-off 8+, the percentages of elevated anxiety and depression in the total sample are 21 % and 23 %, respectively. Regression analyses proved a linear but not a curvilinear age trend of anxiety and depression. Percentile rank norms are given for anxiety, depression, and the HADS total score.
The regression coefficients allow the calculation of expected mean scores for each age and gender distribution of any sample of patients. HADS mean scores are better suited to describe the degree of anxiety and depression in patient samples compared to percentages of subjects with elevated values. |
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| AbstractList | The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
A representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS.
Females are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. The mean scores for anxiety / depression are 4.4 / 4.8 (males) and 5.0 / 4.7 (females). Using the cut-off 8+, the percentages of elevated anxiety and depression in the total sample are 21 % and 23 %, respectively. Regression analyses proved a linear but not a curvilinear age trend of anxiety and depression. Percentile rank norms are given for anxiety, depression, and the HADS total score.
The regression coefficients allow the calculation of expected mean scores for each age and gender distribution of any sample of patients. HADS mean scores are better suited to describe the degree of anxiety and depression in patient samples compared to percentages of subjects with elevated values. Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Methods A representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS. Results Females are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. The mean scores for anxiety / depression are 4.4 / 4.8 (males) and 5.0 / 4.7 (females). Using the cut-off 8+, the percentages of elevated anxiety and depression in the total sample are 21 % and 23 %, respectively. Regression analyses proved a linear but not a curvilinear age trend of anxiety and depression. Percentile rank norms are given for anxiety, depression, and the HADS total score. Conclusion The regression coefficients allow the calculation of expected mean scores for each age and gender distribution of any sample of patients. HADS mean scores are better suited to describe the degree of anxiety and depression in patient samples compared to percentages of subjects with elevated values. The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).A representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS.METHODSA representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS.Females are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. The mean scores for anxiety / depression are 4.4 / 4.8 (males) and 5.0 / 4.7 (females). Using the cut-off 8+, the percentages of elevated anxiety and depression in the total sample are 21 % and 23 %, respectively. Regression analyses proved a linear but not a curvilinear age trend of anxiety and depression. Percentile rank norms are given for anxiety, depression, and the HADS total score.RESULTSFemales are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. The mean scores for anxiety / depression are 4.4 / 4.8 (males) and 5.0 / 4.7 (females). Using the cut-off 8+, the percentages of elevated anxiety and depression in the total sample are 21 % and 23 %, respectively. Regression analyses proved a linear but not a curvilinear age trend of anxiety and depression. Percentile rank norms are given for anxiety, depression, and the HADS total score.The regression coefficients allow the calculation of expected mean scores for each age and gender distribution of any sample of patients. HADS mean scores are better suited to describe the degree of anxiety and depression in patient samples compared to percentages of subjects with elevated values.CONCLUSIONThe regression coefficients allow the calculation of expected mean scores for each age and gender distribution of any sample of patients. HADS mean scores are better suited to describe the degree of anxiety and depression in patient samples compared to percentages of subjects with elevated values. The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A representative sample of the German general population (N=4410) was tested with the HADS. Females are more anxious than males, and older subjects are more depressed than younger subjects. The mean scores for anxiety / depression are 4.4 / 4.8 (males) and 5.0 / 4.7 (females). Using the cut-off 8+, the percentages of elevated anxiety and depression in the total sample are 21 % and 23 %, respectively. Regression analyses proved a linear but not a curvilinear age trend of anxiety and depression. Percentile rank norms are given for anxiety, depression, and the HADS total score. The regression coefficients allow the calculation of expected mean scores for each age and gender distribution of any sample of patients. HADS mean scores are better suited to describe the degree of anxiety and depression in patient samples compared to percentages of subjects with elevated values. [Copyright Elsevier Inc.] |
| Author | Brähler, Elmar Hinz, Andreas |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Andreas surname: Hinz fullname: Hinz, Andreas email: andreas.hinz@medizin.uni-leipzig.de – sequence: 2 givenname: Elmar surname: Brähler fullname: Brähler, Elmar |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24363379$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767686$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2011 Elsevier Inc. Elsevier Inc. 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
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| Keywords | Normative values Depression Anxiety Gender Age Reference values Social environment Mood disorder Human Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Zigmond Snaith Affect affectivity Reference value Sex Psychometrics Sociodemographic factor Cutoff note Psychometric standardization |
| Language | English |
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A representative sample of the German general... Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Methods A representative sample... The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to present... The aim of this study was to present normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A representative sample of the German general... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Age Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Anxiety Anxiety - diagnosis Anxiety - psychology Anxiety disorders Anxiety-Depression Biological and medical sciences Depression Depression - diagnosis Depression - psychology Female Gender Germany Hospitals Humans Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Normative values Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Psychiatry Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychometrics. Diagnostic aid systems Psychopathology. Psychiatry Reference Values Sex Factors Techniques and methods |
| Title | Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population |
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