Trends in the causes of stillbirths over 20 years in Southern Japan

Background This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan. Methods This was a population-based retrospective...

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Published inBMC pregnancy and childbirth Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 654 - 7
Main Authors Kino, Emi, Maki, Yohei, Yamada, Naoshi, Kodama, Yuki, Katsuragi, Shinji, Sameshima, Hiroshi, Ikenoue, Tsuyomu
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London BioMed Central 04.06.2025
BMC
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ISSN1471-2393
1471-2393
DOI10.1186/s12884-025-07794-8

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Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan. Methods This was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Results Over the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was “no relevant condition identified” in 39.5% cases, followed by “abruption” in 12.3%, “lethal congenital anomaly” in 9.5%, and “umbilical cord, other” in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by “fetal growth restriction,” “abruption,” “asphyxia,” and “no relevant condition identified” significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to “lethal congenital anomaly” was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by “cord, other” significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged. Conclusions Over the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes.
AbstractList BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan.MethodsThis was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test.ResultsOver the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was “no relevant condition identified” in 39.5% cases, followed by “abruption” in 12.3%, “lethal congenital anomaly” in 9.5%, and “umbilical cord, other” in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by “fetal growth restriction,” “abruption,” “asphyxia,” and “no relevant condition identified” significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to “lethal congenital anomaly” was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by “cord, other” significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged.ConclusionsOver the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes.
Background This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan. Methods This was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Results Over the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was “no relevant condition identified” in 39.5% cases, followed by “abruption” in 12.3%, “lethal congenital anomaly” in 9.5%, and “umbilical cord, other” in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by “fetal growth restriction,” “abruption,” “asphyxia,” and “no relevant condition identified” significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to “lethal congenital anomaly” was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by “cord, other” significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged. Conclusions Over the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes.
This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan.BACKGROUNDThis study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan.This was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test.METHODSThis was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test.Over the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was "no relevant condition identified" in 39.5% cases, followed by "abruption" in 12.3%, "lethal congenital anomaly" in 9.5%, and "umbilical cord, other" in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by "fetal growth restriction," "abruption," "asphyxia," and "no relevant condition identified" significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to "lethal congenital anomaly" was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by "cord, other" significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged.RESULTSOver the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was "no relevant condition identified" in 39.5% cases, followed by "abruption" in 12.3%, "lethal congenital anomaly" in 9.5%, and "umbilical cord, other" in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by "fetal growth restriction," "abruption," "asphyxia," and "no relevant condition identified" significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to "lethal congenital anomaly" was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by "cord, other" significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged.Over the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes.CONCLUSIONSOver the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes.
This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan. This was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Over the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was "no relevant condition identified" in 39.5% cases, followed by "abruption" in 12.3%, "lethal congenital anomaly" in 9.5%, and "umbilical cord, other" in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by "fetal growth restriction," "abruption," "asphyxia," and "no relevant condition identified" significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to "lethal congenital anomaly" was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by "cord, other" significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged. Over the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes.
Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to facilitate the development of perinatal strategies to prevent stillbirths in Japan. Methods This was a population-based retrospective study. Cases of perinatal death and neurological damage were reported by perinatal centers and primary birth clinics, followed by their peer review and audit, and final registration in the database. Data for stillbirths, defined as fetal death at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, were extracted from the database. Causes of stillbirths were reclassified according to the ReCoDe system. Temporal trends in the causes of stillbirths per 1,000 births and proportion of the causes were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Results Over the 20 years, in the study region, a total of 205,025 were delivered at ≥ 22 weeks of gestation, and 569 were stillborn (2.8 per 1,000 births). The most common cause of stillbirth was “no relevant condition identified” in 39.5% cases, followed by “abruption” in 12.3%, “lethal congenital anomaly” in 9.5%, and “umbilical cord, other” in 5.8%. The trends in stillbirths caused by “fetal growth restriction,” “abruption,” “asphyxia,” and “no relevant condition identified” significantly decreased. However, no change in trend due to “lethal congenital anomaly” was seen. The stillbirth trend caused by “cord, other” significantly increased. The proportion of stillbirths related to unidentified causes remained unchanged. Conclusions Over the 20-year period, the rate of stillbirths caused by abruption, fetal growth restriction, and asphyxia, which can be reduced by early detection and intervention, decreased. The incidence of stillbirths caused by cord constriction increased. Investigations to prevent cord-accident stillbirths would be required to further reduce stillbirths in the study region. Establishment of algorithms that allow the identification of the causes of stillbirths would be crucial to reduce instances of stillbirths due to unidentified causes.
ArticleNumber 654
Author Kodama, Yuki
Sameshima, Hiroshi
Kino, Emi
Ikenoue, Tsuyomu
Maki, Yohei
Katsuragi, Shinji
Yamada, Naoshi
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Issue 1
Keywords Chorioamnionitis
Congenital defects
Fetal growth restriction
Stillbirth
Asphyxia
Umbilical cord
Placental abruption
Language English
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Snippet Background This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in...
This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in order to...
BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal database in...
Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the temporal trend in the causes of stillbirths over a period of two decades using a regional perinatal...
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SubjectTerms Adult
Asphyxia
Autopsies
Births
Cause of Death - trends
Childbirth & labor
Chorioamnionitis
Congenital defects
Congenital diseases
Databases, Factual
Ending preventable stillbirths
Female
Fetal growth restriction
Gestational age
Gynecology
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Japan - epidemiology
Maternal and Child Health
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Placental abruption
Pregnancy
Reproductive Medicine
Retrospective Studies
Stillbirth
Stillbirth - epidemiology
Trends
Ultrasonic imaging
Umbilical cord
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Title Trends in the causes of stillbirths over 20 years in Southern Japan
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