Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows’ milk

Background Cows’ milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare t...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inNutrition journal Vol. 15; no. 1; p. 35
Main Authors Jianqin, Sun, Leiming, Xu, Lu, Xia, Yelland, Gregory W., Ni, Jiayi, Clarke, Andrew J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London BioMed Central 02.04.2016
BioMed Central Ltd
Subjects
Adult
Aged
Analysis
Animals
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
beta-casein
biomarkers
Biomarkers - blood
blood serum
Casein
Caseins - adverse effects
Caseins - analysis
Cattle
central nervous system diseases
Chinese people
Clinical Nutrition
Cognition
Cross-Over Studies
Digestion
Double-Blind Method
Endorphins - blood
Feces - chemistry
Female
Gastrointestinal diseases
gastrointestinal system
Gastrointestinal Tract - physiopathology
gastrointestinal transit
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Humans
inflammation
Inflammation - blood
lactose
Lactose intolerance
Lactose Intolerance - blood
Male
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Middle Aged
milk
Milk - adverse effects
Milk - chemistry
milk consumption
Nutrition
Peptide Fragments - blood
Physiological aspects
Risk factors
Self Report
short chain fatty acids
New Zealand
China
Gastrointestinal function
Cows’ milk
β-casein
Lactose intolerance
Cognitive processing
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1475-2891
1475-2891
DOI10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z

Cover

Abstract Background Cows’ milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 β-casein with those of milk containing only A2 β-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance. Methods Forty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 × 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both β-casein types or milk containing only A2 β-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events. Results Compared with milk containing only A2 β-casein, the consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and β-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects. Conclusions Consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 β-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02406469
AbstractList Background Cows’ milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 β-casein with those of milk containing only A2 β-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance. Methods Forty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 × 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both β-casein types or milk containing only A2 β-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events. Results Compared with milk containing only A2 β-casein, the consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and β-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects. Conclusions Consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 β-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02406469
Cows' milk generally contains two types of [beta]-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide [beta]-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 [beta]-casein with those of milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance. Forty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 x 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both [beta]-casein types or milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events. Compared with milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein, the consumption of milk containing both [beta]-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and [beta]-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both [beta]-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing A1 [beta]-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 [beta]-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein.
Background Cows' milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 β-casein with those of milk containing only A2 β-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance. Methods Forty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 × 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both β-casein types or milk containing only A2 β-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events. Results Compared with milk containing only A2 β-casein, the consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and β-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects. Conclusions Consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 β-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein.
Background Cows' milk generally contains two types of [beta]-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide [beta]-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 [beta]-casein with those of milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance. Methods Forty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 x 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both [beta]-casein types or milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events. Results Compared with milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein, the consumption of milk containing both [beta]-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and [beta]-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both [beta]-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 [beta]-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects. Conclusions Consumption of milk containing A1 [beta]-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 [beta]-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02406469 Keywords: [beta]-casein, Cows' milk, Lactose intolerance, Gastrointestinal function, Cognitive processing
BACKGROUND: Cows’ milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 β-casein with those of milk containing only A2 β-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance. METHODS: Forty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 × 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both β-casein types or milk containing only A2 β-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events. RESULTS: Compared with milk containing only A2 β-casein, the consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and β-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 β-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02406469
Cows' milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in adverse gastrointestinal effects of milk consumption, some of which resemble those in lactose intolerance. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing A1 β-casein with those of milk containing only A2 β-casein on inflammation, symptoms of post-dairy digestive discomfort (PD3), and cognitive processing in subjects with self-reported lactose intolerance. Forty-five Han Chinese subjects participated in this double-blind, randomized, 2 × 2 crossover trial and consumed milk containing both β-casein types or milk containing only A2 β-casein. Each treatment period was 14 days with a 14-day washout period at baseline and between treatment periods. Outcomes included PD3, gastrointestinal function (measured by smart pill), Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test (SCIT), serum/fecal laboratory biomarkers, and adverse events. Compared with milk containing only A2 β-casein, the consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with significantly greater PD3 symptoms; higher concentrations of inflammation-related biomarkers and β-casomorphin-7; longer gastrointestinal transit times and lower levels of short-chain fatty acids; and increased response time and error rate on the SCIT. Consumption of milk containing both β-casein types was associated with worsening of PD3 symptoms relative to baseline in lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein did not aggravate PD3 symptoms relative to baseline (i.e., after washout of dairy products) in lactose tolerant and intolerant subjects. Consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein was associated with increased gastrointestinal inflammation, worsening of PD3 symptoms, delayed transit, and decreased cognitive processing speed and accuracy. Because elimination of A1 β-casein attenuated these effects, some symptoms of lactose intolerance may stem from inflammation it triggers, and can be avoided by consuming milk containing only the A2 type of beta casein. ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02406469.
ArticleNumber 35
Audience Academic
Author Jianqin, Sun
Clarke, Andrew J.
Leiming, Xu
Ni, Jiayi
Lu, Xia
Yelland, Gregory W.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Sun
  surname: Jianqin
  fullname: Jianqin, Sun
  organization: Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Xu
  surname: Leiming
  fullname: Leiming, Xu
  organization: Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Xia
  surname: Lu
  fullname: Lu, Xia
  email: xialu@medmail.com.cn
  organization: Endoscopic Center, Shanghai International Medicine Center
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Gregory W.
  surname: Yelland
  fullname: Yelland, Gregory W.
  organization: Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Jiayi
  surname: Ni
  fullname: Ni, Jiayi
  organization: S.P.R.I.M. China (Shanghai) Consulting Co., Ltd
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Andrew J.
  surname: Clarke
  fullname: Clarke, Andrew J.
  organization: The a2 Milk Company Limited
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27039383$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9U9lu1DAUjVARXeADeEGWeAGpKXbibC9Io6pApUpILM-W41xnXBw72J4p0yd-g9_jP5BwZkqZKYui6GY5y_Wx72GyZ6yBJHlM8AkhdfnCk6zJqxSTMt60Sq_vJQexFmlWN2Rv63k_OfT-EuOsrpvqQbKfVThv8jo_SH6cSQkieGQlGpT-hIQ1gSujTI-s0Ss0y1ALgSPBPSiDluD8wv8BbW2YoxlB3HR3GaOzIdboYFDPfXBWmQA-KMM1Gucrr6y2_eoY-dUwBjusW-mUF3aQ1oXjtaawvVFBLSFKz_lSWTehRrCjBnSlorkHLVMHY6RAh6KF1eC4EYCCRcHxLtLtZCnslf_-9dt6CQ-T-5JrD49u6lHy8dXZh9M36cXb1-ens4tUlJiGlIKktMpJ0dJcUihBdjK-tlzghlYl5TWmEgtMqqKBtiYl0KKo6qbhZVt2HOdHycuN7rhoB-gEmNiRZqNTA3crZrliu3-MmrPeLhmtSV0XNAo8uxFw9vMipseGmBBozQ3YhWcZxphGJGki9Okd6KVduLhyz0jVVGWRU1r8RvVcA1NG2ugrJlE2o7TOS0KbSevkL6h4dTCouP0gVfy-Q3i-Q5iOCHwJPV94z87fv9vFPtkO5TaNX4czAsgGIJz13oG8hRDMpgFgmwFgcQDYNADsOnKqOxyhAp-2Pnau9H-Z2Ybpo4vpwW3l9k_STyZjIBc
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1080_09291016_2019_1571705
crossref_primary_10_2298_VETGL211125004R
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0029665117002798
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu11040886
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods12010099
crossref_primary_10_3748_wjg_v23_i21_3771
crossref_primary_10_1177_02601060211004784
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tifs_2021_08_003
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu12123855
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jff_2021_104631
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods12173151
crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2022_995349
crossref_primary_10_1089_acm_2018_0374
crossref_primary_10_15430_JCP_24_007
crossref_primary_10_1080_09712119_2022_2154216
crossref_primary_10_3389_fvets_2024_1438717
crossref_primary_10_1111_jhn_12385
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11223648
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_idairyj_2024_106136
crossref_primary_10_18699_VJGB_22_28
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_crfs_2023_100602
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rgmx_2019_03_002
crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2024_24403
crossref_primary_10_3945_an_116_013953
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2023_1172548
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jff_2025_106669
crossref_primary_10_1002_jsfa_10684
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12937_017_0275_0
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12937_016_0201_x
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0193504
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12937_016_0164_y
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13063_021_05812_6
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfca_2022_104536
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu12072147
crossref_primary_10_1093_ajcn_nqz279
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu16121963
crossref_primary_10_3920_BM2017_0165
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tifs_2022_01_023
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodres_2021_110523
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12161_020_01817_0
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11162387
crossref_primary_10_1080_07391102_2023_2230295
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodcont_2021_108659
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu11020352
crossref_primary_10_1080_19490976_2020_1799533
crossref_primary_10_1002_jpn3_12473
crossref_primary_10_3390_agriculture13010154
crossref_primary_10_37442_fme_2023_4_29
crossref_primary_10_3390_vetsci11040172
crossref_primary_10_1080_10495398_2021_1917423
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2024_1442584
crossref_primary_10_1080_10408398_2019_1707157
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu9020094
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_prostaglandins_2024_106902
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mex_2023_102183
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules27103199
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0282994
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu15040801
crossref_primary_10_1093_jn_nxac128
crossref_primary_10_1111_jpc_13676
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules27196569
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods10102409
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2019_04_013
crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2021_21569
crossref_primary_10_20883_medical_e690
crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2019_16273
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2022_970685
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajhb_23868
crossref_primary_10_36718_1819_4036_2022_12_229_236
crossref_primary_10_1093_jn_nxaa454
crossref_primary_10_1007_s42399_021_00792_9
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms232415637
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu13051503
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40520_021_01970_4
crossref_primary_10_1002_advs_202411956
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12876_020_01352_6
crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2019_16771
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rgmxen_2019_03_002
crossref_primary_10_1093_advances_nmaa120
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani12151909
crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm12165272
crossref_primary_10_1097_MPG_0000000000002437
crossref_primary_10_1111_ijfs_17312
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11250_021_02591_9
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodhyd_2024_109918
crossref_primary_10_1080_09637486_2019_1614540
crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2024_26179
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu10121994
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_idairyj_2017_12_014
crossref_primary_10_1080_1828051X_2024_2314157
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_msard_2024_105477
crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2023_24046
crossref_primary_10_1093_femsre_fuaa010
crossref_primary_10_1177_11786388241299896
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41110_022_00159_7
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13205_022_03232_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nutres_2021_02_003
crossref_primary_10_1071_AN18013
crossref_primary_10_1093_nutrit_nuae099
Cites_doi 10.1080/1028415X.2000.11747303
10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.004
10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.030
10.1111/apt.12809
10.1152/ajpgi.00535.2001
10.3109/09637486.2014.898260
10.1186/1475-2891-10-115
10.1016/j.schres.2011.02.005
10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2005
10.1159/000082367
10.1093/jn/133.11.3499
10.1097/MCG.0b013e31821fbd6f
10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.0o057.x
10.1016/j.cgh.2012.11.034
10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.018
10.1007/s00394-013-0606-7
10.1055/s-0032-1326962
10.1111/nmo.12602
10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00152.x
10.1016/S1590-8658(01)80713-1
10.1017/S0007114510004988
10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015
10.1007/BF00270566
10.1136/gut.35.1_Suppl.S35
10.1016/0014-5793(96)00207-4
10.1038/ejcn.2014.127
10.1188/08.ONF.916-920
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.011
10.2174/1381612033391973
10.1007/s11357-011-9301-x
10.1016/0006-3223(94)00176-4
10.1111/1462-2920.12117
10.1016/j.schres.2010.12.001
10.3389/fphys.2010.00168
10.1093/jn/120.3.252
10.1111/apt.13041
10.1093/schbul/14.4.489
10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00088-1
10.1080/1028415021000042839
10.1038/jcbfm.2013.183
10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05755.x
10.1016/j.peptides.2009.06.025
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Jianqin et al. 2016
COPYRIGHT 2016 BioMed Central Ltd.
Copyright BioMed Central 2016
Copyright_xml – notice: Jianqin et al. 2016
– notice: COPYRIGHT 2016 BioMed Central Ltd.
– notice: Copyright BioMed Central 2016
DBID C6C
AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
ISR
3V.
7QP
7RQ
7RV
7TS
7X7
7XB
88E
8C1
8FI
8FJ
8FK
8G5
ABUWG
AEUYN
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
GUQSH
K9.
KB0
M0S
M1P
M2O
MBDVC
NAPCQ
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7S9
L.6
5PM
DOI 10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z
DatabaseName Springer Nature OA Free Journals
CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
Gale in Context: Science
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
Career & Technical Education Database
Nursing & allied health premium.
Physical Education Index
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Public Health Database (NC LIVE)
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest One Sustainability (subscription)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One
ProQuest Central
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database
Research Library
Research Library (Corporate)
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central Basic
AGRICOLA
AGRICOLA - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
Publicly Available Content Database
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central China
Physical Education Index
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Sustainability
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
ProQuest Public Health
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Career and Technical Education
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni)
ProQuest One Academic
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
AGRICOLA
AGRICOLA - Academic
DatabaseTitleList

Publicly Available Content Database


AGRICOLA
MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: C6C
  name: Springer Nature OA Free Journals
  url: http://www.springeropen.com/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 4
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Anatomy & Physiology
Diet & Clinical Nutrition
EISSN 1475-2891
EndPage 35
ExternalDocumentID PMC4818854
4092648941
A448361499
27039383
10_1186_s12937_016_0147_z
Genre Comparative Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
GeographicLocations New Zealand
China
GeographicLocations_xml – name: China
– name: New Zealand
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: This study was funded by The a2 Milk Company Limited.
– fundername: ;
GroupedDBID ---
04C
0R~
123
29N
2WC
2XV
53G
5VS
7RQ
7RV
7X7
88E
8C1
8FI
8FJ
8G5
A8Z
AAFWJ
AAHBH
AAJSJ
AASML
AAWTL
ABDBF
ABUWG
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACIHN
ACPRK
ACUHS
ADBBV
ADRAZ
ADUKV
AEAQA
AENEX
AEUYN
AFKRA
AFPKN
AHBYD
AHMBA
AHSBF
AHYZX
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMKLP
AMTXH
AOIJS
AZQEC
BAPOH
BAWUL
BCNDV
BENPR
BFQNJ
BKEYQ
BMC
BMSDO
BPHCQ
BVXVI
C6C
CCPQU
CS3
DIK
DU5
DWQXO
E3Z
EAD
EAP
EAS
EBD
EBLON
EBS
ECGQY
EIHBH
EJD
EMB
EMK
EMOBN
ESTFP
ESX
EX3
F5P
FYUFA
GNUQQ
GROUPED_DOAJ
GUQSH
GX1
H13
HH5
HMCUK
HYE
IAO
ICU
IHR
IHT
INH
INR
IPT
ISE
ISR
ITC
KQ8
M1P
M2O
M48
M~E
NAPCQ
O5R
O5S
OK1
OVT
P2P
PGMZT
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PJZUB
PPXIY
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
PUEGO
QF4
QN7
RBZ
RNS
ROL
RPM
RSV
SCM
SOJ
SV3
TR2
TUS
UKHRP
W2D
WOQ
WOW
XSB
AAYXX
ALIPV
CITATION
-A0
3V.
ACRMQ
ADINQ
C24
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
FRP
ICW
NPM
PMFND
7QP
7TS
7XB
8FK
K9.
MBDVC
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
4.4
7S9
L.6
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c604t-4ef447315b43f4e6efdf731bac094764a804f0c01759eb816e4557899a6b6da03
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 1475-2891
IngestDate Thu Aug 21 14:16:55 EDT 2025
Fri Sep 05 07:03:09 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 03:47:00 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 17 22:04:58 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 10 21:05:47 EDT 2025
Fri Jun 27 06:08:31 EDT 2025
Thu Jan 02 22:21:42 EST 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:09:36 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:58:25 EDT 2025
Sat Sep 06 07:30:14 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Keywords Gastrointestinal function
Cows’ milk
β-casein
Lactose intolerance
Cognitive processing
Language English
License Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c604t-4ef447315b43f4e6efdf731bac094764a804f0c01759eb816e4557899a6b6da03
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/1797653445?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%&accountid=15518
PMID 27039383
PQID 1797653445
PQPubID 42849
PageCount 1
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4818854
proquest_miscellaneous_2000488519
proquest_journals_1797653445
gale_infotracmisc_A448361499
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A448361499
gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A448361499
pubmed_primary_27039383
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12937_016_0147_z
crossref_citationtrail_10_1186_s12937_016_0147_z
springer_journals_10_1186_s12937_016_0147_z
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2016-04-02
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2016-04-02
PublicationDate_xml – month: 04
  year: 2016
  text: 2016-04-02
  day: 02
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace London
PublicationPlace_xml – name: London
– name: England
PublicationTitle Nutrition journal
PublicationTitleAbbrev Nutr J
PublicationTitleAlternate Nutr J
PublicationYear 2016
Publisher BioMed Central
BioMed Central Ltd
Publisher_xml – name: BioMed Central
– name: BioMed Central Ltd
References I Simsek (147_CR39) 2011; 45 Suppl
EG Severance (147_CR49) 2011; 126
KM Bruce (147_CR25) 2014; 9
A Trompette (147_CR14) 2003; 133
S Daher (147_CR2) 2001; 12
D Hu (147_CR24) 2009
JB Greer (147_CR29) 2011; 1
NV Kost (147_CR50) 2009; 30
YG Wang (147_CR21) 1984; 67
A Andoh (147_CR31) 2003; 9
WA Mihatsch (147_CR10) 2005; 87
JN Trollor (147_CR37) 2012; 34
KL Reichelt (147_CR47) 1995; 37
Y Jinsmaa (147_CR8) 1999; 20
JM Wong (147_CR28) 2006; 40
A Becker (147_CR9) 1990; 49
R Cade (147_CR41) 2000; 3
MR Ul Haq (147_CR5) 2014; 53
J Claustre (147_CR13) 2002; 283
FC Dohan (147_CR45) 1988; 14
S Zoghbi (147_CR15) 2006; 290
JS Myers (147_CR36) 2008; 35
H Daniel (147_CR12) 1990; 120
D Timm (147_CR32) 2011; 105
KL Reichelt (147_CR43) 2003; 6
147_CR20
P Vernia (147_CR40) 2001; 33
X Zheng (147_CR23) 2015; 27
MI Kawashti (147_CR44) 2006; 13
E Schulte-Frohlinde (147_CR11) 1994
DW Niebuhr (147_CR46) 2011; 128
F Andiran (147_CR1) 2003; 39
MC Lomer (147_CR38) 2015; 41
147_CR4
147_CR6
EG Severance (147_CR48) 2010; 118
H Brussow (147_CR18) 2013; 15
ID Pavord (147_CR27) 2012; 33
J Holmer-Jensen (147_CR7) 2011; 10
H Kayser (147_CR17) 1996; 383
J Yang (147_CR22) 2013; 11
KL Reichelt (147_CR42) 1990; 42
C Defilippi (147_CR3) 1995; 11
SM Heringa (147_CR34) 2014; 40
Y Elitsur (147_CR16) 1991; 85
IT Lichtwark (147_CR33) 2014; 40
NL Monson (147_CR35) 2014; 34
MS Trivedi (147_CR19) 2014; 25
MR Ul Haq (147_CR26) 2014; 8
W Scheppach (147_CR30) 1994; 35
12608733 - Nutr Neurosci. 2003 Feb;6(1):19-28
10503774 - Peptides. 1999;20(8):957-62
16357059 - Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):G1105-13
26095206 - Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Aug;27(8):1138-46
17974154 - Egypt J Immunol. 2006;13(1):99-104
24649921 - Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Sep;65(6):720-7
18980922 - Oncol Nurs Forum. 2008 Nov;35(6):916-20
25540581 - Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Dec 12;9:2165-76
21211944 - Schizophr Res. 2011 Mar;126(1-3):43-50
11407668 - Dig Liver Dis. 2001 Apr;33(3):234-9
21376538 - Schizophr Res. 2011 May;128(1-3):51-5
21138605 - Br J Nutr. 2011 May;105(9):1337-42
19576256 - Peptides. 2009 Oct;30(10):1854-60
8125387 - Gut. 1994 Jan;35(1 Suppl):S35-8
24149932 - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014 Jan;34(1):30-3
8719134 - Nutrition. 1995 Nov-Dec;11(6):751-4
1965564 - Biomed Biochim Acta. 1990;49(11):1203-7
22011432 - Nutr J. 2011 Oct 19;10:115
11846872 - Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2001 Dec;12(6):339-42
24485482 - Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Feb;40:108-18
25018147 - J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Oct;25(10):1011-8
12887660 - J Paediatr Child Health. 2003 Jul;39(5):329-31
23047314 - Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Dec;33(6):645-52
2851166 - Schizophr Bull. 1988;14(4):489-94
12570825 - Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(4):347-58
25471897 - Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Feb;41(3):262-75
8612782 - FEBS Lett. 1996 Mar 25;383(1-2):18-20
21853262 - Age (Dordr). 2012 Oct;34(5):1295-308
23574334 - Environ Microbiol. 2013 Aug;15(8):2154-61
24986816 - Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sep;68(9):994-1000
16633129 - J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar;40(3):235-43
27416160 - Nutr Neurosci. 2000;3(1):57-72
23246646 - Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Mar;11(3):262-268.e1
2319342 - J Nutr. 1990 Mar;120(3):252-7
24166511 - Eur J Nutr. 2014 Jun;53(4):1039-49
7772650 - Biol Psychiatry. 1995 Mar 15;37(6):410-3
27130280 - Nutr J. 2016;15(1):45
15572871 - Biol Neonate. 2005;87(3):160-3
21666425 - J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Aug;45 Suppl:S86-8
20071146 - Schizophr Res. 2010 May;118(1-3):240-7
6235167 - Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6
21423403 - Front Physiol. 2011 Jan 26;1:168
24889390 - Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jul;40(2):160-70
12181163 - Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002 Sep;283(3):G521-8
1893631 - Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Sep;85(3):493-7
14608064 - J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11):3499-503
References_xml – volume: 3
  start-page: 57
  year: 2000
  ident: 147_CR41
  publication-title: Nutr Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2000.11747303
– volume: 25
  start-page: 1011
  year: 2014
  ident: 147_CR19
  publication-title: J Nutr Biochem.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.004
– volume: 118
  start-page: 240
  year: 2010
  ident: 147_CR48
  publication-title: Schizophr Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.030
– volume: 40
  start-page: 160
  year: 2014
  ident: 147_CR33
  publication-title: Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
  doi: 10.1111/apt.12809
– volume: 283
  start-page: G521
  year: 2002
  ident: 147_CR13
  publication-title: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00535.2001
– ident: 147_CR4
  doi: 10.3109/09637486.2014.898260
– volume: 10
  start-page: 115
  year: 2011
  ident: 147_CR7
  publication-title: Nutr J.
  doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-115
– volume: 9
  start-page: 2165
  year: 2014
  ident: 147_CR25
  publication-title: Clin Interv Aging.
– volume: 128
  start-page: 51
  year: 2011
  ident: 147_CR46
  publication-title: Schizophr Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.02.005
– volume: 290
  start-page: G1105
  year: 2006
  ident: 147_CR15
  publication-title: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol
  doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2005
– volume: 87
  start-page: 160
  year: 2005
  ident: 147_CR10
  publication-title: Biol Neonate.
  doi: 10.1159/000082367
– start-page: 22
  volume-title: China: dairy product quality as the new industry driver. Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and The Pacific
  year: 2009
  ident: 147_CR24
– volume: 133
  start-page: 3499
  year: 2003
  ident: 147_CR14
  publication-title: J Nutr.
  doi: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3499
– volume: 45 Suppl
  start-page: 86
  year: 2011
  ident: 147_CR39
  publication-title: J Clin Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31821fbd6f
– volume: 12
  start-page: 339
  year: 2001
  ident: 147_CR2
  publication-title: Pediatr Allergy Immunol.
  doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.0o057.x
– volume: 11
  start-page: 262
  year: 2013
  ident: 147_CR22
  publication-title: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
  doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.11.034
– volume: 8
  start-page: 150
  year: 2014
  ident: 147_CR26
  publication-title: J Funct Food.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.018
– ident: 147_CR6
  doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0606-7
– volume: 33
  start-page: 645
  year: 2012
  ident: 147_CR27
  publication-title: Semin Respir Crit Care Med.
  doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1326962
– volume: 27
  start-page: 1138
  year: 2015
  ident: 147_CR23
  publication-title: Neurogastroenterol Motil.
  doi: 10.1111/nmo.12602
– volume: 39
  start-page: 329
  year: 2003
  ident: 147_CR1
  publication-title: J Paediatr Child Health.
  doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00152.x
– volume: 33
  start-page: 234
  year: 2001
  ident: 147_CR40
  publication-title: Dig Liver Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/S1590-8658(01)80713-1
– volume: 105
  start-page: 1337
  year: 2011
  ident: 147_CR32
  publication-title: Br J Nutr.
  doi: 10.1017/S0007114510004988
– volume: 40
  start-page: 235
  year: 2006
  ident: 147_CR28
  publication-title: J Clin Gastroenterol.
  doi: 10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015
– volume: 67
  start-page: 103
  year: 1984
  ident: 147_CR21
  publication-title: Human Genetics.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00270566
– volume: 35
  start-page: S35
  year: 1994
  ident: 147_CR30
  publication-title: Gut.
  doi: 10.1136/gut.35.1_Suppl.S35
– volume: 42
  start-page: 1
  year: 1990
  ident: 147_CR42
  publication-title: J Appl Nutr.
– volume: 383
  start-page: 18
  year: 1996
  ident: 147_CR17
  publication-title: FEBS Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00207-4
– ident: 147_CR20
  doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.127
– volume: 35
  start-page: 916
  year: 2008
  ident: 147_CR36
  publication-title: Oncol Nurs Forum.
  doi: 10.1188/08.ONF.916-920
– volume: 40
  start-page: 108
  year: 2014
  ident: 147_CR34
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology.
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.011
– volume: 53
  start-page: 1039
  year: 2014
  ident: 147_CR5
  publication-title: Eur J Nutr.
  doi: 10.1007/s00394-013-0606-7
– volume: 9
  start-page: 347
  year: 2003
  ident: 147_CR31
  publication-title: Curr Pharm Des.
  doi: 10.2174/1381612033391973
– volume: 34
  start-page: 1295
  year: 2012
  ident: 147_CR37
  publication-title: Age (Dordr)
  doi: 10.1007/s11357-011-9301-x
– volume: 37
  start-page: 410
  year: 1995
  ident: 147_CR47
  publication-title: Biol Psychiatry.
  doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00176-4
– volume: 15
  start-page: 2154
  year: 2013
  ident: 147_CR18
  publication-title: Environ Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12117
– volume: 126
  start-page: 43
  year: 2011
  ident: 147_CR49
  publication-title: Schizophr Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.12.001
– start-page: 155
  volume-title: b-casomorphins and related peptides: recent developments
  year: 1994
  ident: 147_CR11
– volume: 11
  start-page: 751
  year: 1995
  ident: 147_CR3
  publication-title: Nutrition.
– volume: 13
  start-page: 99
  year: 2006
  ident: 147_CR44
  publication-title: Egypt J Immunol.
– volume: 1
  start-page: 168
  year: 2011
  ident: 147_CR29
  publication-title: Front Physiol.
  doi: 10.3389/fphys.2010.00168
– volume: 120
  start-page: 252
  year: 1990
  ident: 147_CR12
  publication-title: J Nutr.
  doi: 10.1093/jn/120.3.252
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1203
  year: 1990
  ident: 147_CR9
  publication-title: Biomed Biochim Acta.
– volume: 41
  start-page: 262
  year: 2015
  ident: 147_CR38
  publication-title: Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
  doi: 10.1111/apt.13041
– volume: 14
  start-page: 489
  year: 1988
  ident: 147_CR45
  publication-title: Schizophr Bull.
  doi: 10.1093/schbul/14.4.489
– volume: 20
  start-page: 957
  year: 1999
  ident: 147_CR8
  publication-title: Peptides.
  doi: 10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00088-1
– volume: 6
  start-page: 19
  year: 2003
  ident: 147_CR43
  publication-title: Nutr Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1080/1028415021000042839
– volume: 34
  start-page: 30
  year: 2014
  ident: 147_CR35
  publication-title: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.
  doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.183
– volume: 85
  start-page: 493
  year: 1991
  ident: 147_CR16
  publication-title: Clin Exp Immunol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05755.x
– volume: 30
  start-page: 1854
  year: 2009
  ident: 147_CR50
  publication-title: Peptides.
  doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.06.025
– reference: 21853262 - Age (Dordr). 2012 Oct;34(5):1295-308
– reference: 17974154 - Egypt J Immunol. 2006;13(1):99-104
– reference: 12181163 - Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002 Sep;283(3):G521-8
– reference: 27130280 - Nutr J. 2016;15(1):45
– reference: 2319342 - J Nutr. 1990 Mar;120(3):252-7
– reference: 23246646 - Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Mar;11(3):262-268.e1
– reference: 12608733 - Nutr Neurosci. 2003 Feb;6(1):19-28
– reference: 24149932 - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014 Jan;34(1):30-3
– reference: 21211944 - Schizophr Res. 2011 Mar;126(1-3):43-50
– reference: 8612782 - FEBS Lett. 1996 Mar 25;383(1-2):18-20
– reference: 11407668 - Dig Liver Dis. 2001 Apr;33(3):234-9
– reference: 1893631 - Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Sep;85(3):493-7
– reference: 21666425 - J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Aug;45 Suppl:S86-8
– reference: 1965564 - Biomed Biochim Acta. 1990;49(11):1203-7
– reference: 22011432 - Nutr J. 2011 Oct 19;10:115
– reference: 8125387 - Gut. 1994 Jan;35(1 Suppl):S35-8
– reference: 10503774 - Peptides. 1999;20(8):957-62
– reference: 7772650 - Biol Psychiatry. 1995 Mar 15;37(6):410-3
– reference: 23047314 - Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Dec;33(6):645-52
– reference: 8719134 - Nutrition. 1995 Nov-Dec;11(6):751-4
– reference: 14608064 - J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11):3499-503
– reference: 19576256 - Peptides. 2009 Oct;30(10):1854-60
– reference: 16633129 - J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar;40(3):235-43
– reference: 6235167 - Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6
– reference: 16357059 - Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):G1105-13
– reference: 24986816 - Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sep;68(9):994-1000
– reference: 25471897 - Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Feb;41(3):262-75
– reference: 26095206 - Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Aug;27(8):1138-46
– reference: 23574334 - Environ Microbiol. 2013 Aug;15(8):2154-61
– reference: 11846872 - Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2001 Dec;12(6):339-42
– reference: 21376538 - Schizophr Res. 2011 May;128(1-3):51-5
– reference: 2851166 - Schizophr Bull. 1988;14(4):489-94
– reference: 12570825 - Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(4):347-58
– reference: 25540581 - Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Dec 12;9:2165-76
– reference: 12887660 - J Paediatr Child Health. 2003 Jul;39(5):329-31
– reference: 24649921 - Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Sep;65(6):720-7
– reference: 18980922 - Oncol Nurs Forum. 2008 Nov;35(6):916-20
– reference: 24166511 - Eur J Nutr. 2014 Jun;53(4):1039-49
– reference: 24889390 - Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Jul;40(2):160-70
– reference: 20071146 - Schizophr Res. 2010 May;118(1-3):240-7
– reference: 21423403 - Front Physiol. 2011 Jan 26;1:168
– reference: 21138605 - Br J Nutr. 2011 May;105(9):1337-42
– reference: 25018147 - J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Oct;25(10):1011-8
– reference: 24485482 - Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Feb;40:108-18
– reference: 27416160 - Nutr Neurosci. 2000;3(1):57-72
– reference: 15572871 - Biol Neonate. 2005;87(3):160-3
SSID ssj0028897
Score 2.5138786
Snippet Background Cows’ milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is...
Cows' milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is implicated in...
Cows' milk generally contains two types of [beta]-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide [beta]-casomorphin-7, which is implicated...
Background Cows' milk generally contains two types of [beta]-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide [beta]-casomorphin-7, which is...
Background Cows' milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is...
BACKGROUND: Cows’ milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. Digestion of A1 type can yield the peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
gale
pubmed
crossref
springer
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 35
SubjectTerms Adult
Aged
Analysis
Animals
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
beta-casein
biomarkers
Biomarkers - blood
blood serum
Casein
Caseins - adverse effects
Caseins - analysis
Cattle
central nervous system diseases
Chinese people
Clinical Nutrition
Cognition
Cross-Over Studies
Digestion
Double-Blind Method
Endorphins - blood
Feces - chemistry
Female
Gastrointestinal diseases
gastrointestinal system
Gastrointestinal Tract - physiopathology
gastrointestinal transit
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Humans
inflammation
Inflammation - blood
lactose
Lactose intolerance
Lactose Intolerance - blood
Male
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Middle Aged
milk
Milk - adverse effects
Milk - chemistry
milk consumption
Nutrition
Peptide Fragments - blood
Physiological aspects
Risk factors
Self Report
short chain fatty acids
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3db9MwELdG98ILgo2PwEAGIZBg0ZLGdpwHhApsGkhUaDBpb5ETOyMiTcqSCnV_Ok_cOR8sReyx9Tk-J-fzne_8O0KeC-MrI0PlBkGgXMZ16krtZW7EUiZSKRW3ONuf5-L4lH0642dbZN7fhcG0yl4nWkWtqxTPyA9AcELBA8b42-VPF6tGYXS1L6GhutIK-o2FGLtBtkElc29Ctt8dzr-cDC6YlFHYxTZ9KQ5q3O0w9RK9aha6l6PdaVNHX9mkNhMoN6KodnM6uk1udVYlnbVicIdsmXKH7M5K8KgXa_qC2jxPe4C-Q5wPuWngvw4RtKDzHpB_l_xuwYxrWmV0kRc_KGaytzUkaFUWazqb0sQ0iqaw-eUlxZyOVf0PaQKfn858qkq92cPiQuQljFDSc1U3FxUCVoCeQf6XA5v7tF4vlsC9ZQWvDlcLMK-bffvMIeeJ9igDSNUmw1M8Waa1KTK3jYcYTWGIqjBYQsTQpqLwMnXenoHCo361_N8lp0eH394fu111CDcVHmtcZjLGwsDnCQsyZoTJdAY_E5WCxxoKpqTHMi8FjcMjk0hfGMZBPUWREonQygvukUlZleYBocoXXIecByEYsDpkkc5kCo4s0GHgUTjE66UiTjvodKzgUcTWhZIibgUpxnQ5FKT40iGvhi7LFjfkOuJnKGox4nGUmPBzrlZ1HX_8ehLPwH0OwISKIoe87IiyCgZPVXd_AqaAEF4jyr0RJSiMdNzcS3TcKaw6_ru8HPJ0aMaemIRXmmpVY8VS1Pdg8zvkfrsAhrlNQ7zkLQOHhKOlMRAgjPm4pcy_WzhzBjaj5Mwhr_tFdIWt_72yh9dP4hG5ObWrmrnedI9MmouVeQzWY5M86VTCH1LKc28
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
– databaseName: Springer Nature OA Free Journals
  dbid: C6C
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwELagSIgLgi2PQEEGIZCgEcnGrxxXC1VBag9Apd4iJ3FKRNZZNVmh7Ym_wd_jfyAx42SjZnlIHHc9jj3JeB6e8WdCngkTaqOk9qMo0j7jeearPCj8mGVMZEpp7nC2j47F4Ql7f8pPe7BoPAtzOX8fKvG6QXuExZEY9zLpX1wl1zjoXRTmuZgPsZVSseyTln_sNjI728r3kvXZrozcSo86q3Nwi9zs3UU6677vbXLF2AnZnVkIlRdr-py6Ak63Mz4h3pvStPBfD_VZ0eMN0v6EXD_qc-i75GcHWNzQuqCLsvpCsVq9uyeC1rZa09mUpqbVNAMDV1qKdRur5jfSFD4xnYVU23y7h8N-KC2MYOmZbtrzGkEpQJcgK8thxvu0WS-WwIibCh4PrhfgQrf77plDXRPdIAkgVVfwTnH3mDamKvwu52FyCkPUlcFrQgxtawrvNS-7fU541Nfmx7fvjoU75OTg7af5od9fAuFnImCtz0zBmIxCnrKoYEaYIi_gZ6ozCEylYFoFrAgyUCw8NqkKhWEctFAca5GKXAfRXbJja2vuE6pDwXPJeSTBT80li_NCZRCvAh3mF4VHgo2MJFmPkI4XdVSJi5SUSDqxSrAqDsUqufDIy6HLsoMH-RfxUxS8BGE3LNb1nOlV0yTvPn5IZhAlR-ApxbFHXvRERQ2DZ7o_JgEsIFLXiHJvRAl6IRs3b-Q76fVSk4D6lYJHjHGPPBmasSfW2llTrxq8mBTVOrj2HrnXLYeBt6nEs9wq8ogcLZSBANHKxy22_OxQyxm4hoozj7zaLKlL0_rbK3vwX9QPyY2pW_LMD6Z7ZKc9X5lH4DO26WOnLX4Bc35rCA
  priority: 102
  providerName: Springer Nature
Title Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows’ milk
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27039383
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1797653445
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000488519
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4818854
Volume 15
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwELb6uHBB0PIIlJVBCCRoINnYjnNAKCytykqsUEul3iInccqKbFKarGB74m_w9_gfSMw4D3WXgsRlo40nfmlmPGOPvyHksdCu0tJXtud5ymY8TWyZOpkdsISJRErFDc72-4k4OGbjE36yRrr0Vu0EVle6dphP6vg8f_Hty-I1CPwrI_BSvKxwzcIASvSNmW9frJNNc1yEkXysP1QYStnkWmE-t8HPcNtDziurWFqmVpX1pdVqNZJy5TjVrFL7N8j11rykYcMPN8maLrbIdliAaz1b0CfUBHyanfQtYr2d6hretdCgOZ10yPzb5FeDalzRMqOzaf6ZYkh7k0yClkW-oOGQxrpWNIFVcFpQDO6YV3-QxsAHNHSpKtLVLwxAxLSAFgp6qqr6vETkClA42P-zvpu7tFrMzqD3pit4h7icgZ1d75o6--An2sENIFUTFU9xi5lWOs_s5mBEpxSaKHONuUQ0rUsKk5lOm81QqOpr9fP7DzOEW-R4f-_j6MBuM0XYiXBYbTOdMeZ7Lo-ZlzEtdJZm8DdWCXivvmBKOixzEtA-PNCxdIVmHFRVECgRi1Q53m2yUZSFvkuocgVPfc49H4zZ1GdBmskEnFqgw0NIYRGnY4woaWHUMZtHHhl3Soqo4aUIQ-eQl6ILizzrPzlrMET-RfwIuS1CbI4Cg39O1byqondHh1EIrrQH5lQQWORpS5SV0Hii2rsUMASE81qi3FmiBOWRLBd3TB11sheBjvYF9xjjFnnYF-OXGJBX6HJeYfZS1P1g_1vkTiMD_diGPl74lp5F_CXp6AkQ0ny5pJh-MtDmDOxHyZlFnndydKlbf5uye_8zv_fJtaERc2Y7wx2yUZ_P9QOwK-t4QNb9Ex9-5cgdkM0wHB-N4flmb_LhEN6OxGhgdmwGRqv8BqdEfnY
linkProvider Scholars Portal
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwELbK9gAXBC2PQAGDeEi0UfNwHOdQoYW26tJ2hUor9RacxCkR2WRpsqq2P44fxomZvGgW0VuPuxnb42Q8D3v8DSGvuTKlEq7UbduWOnOiUBeREeseCxkPhZBOhbN9OOZ7J-zzqXO6RH61d2EwrbLViZWijvIQ98g3QXBc7tiMOR-mP3WsGoWnq20JDdmUVoi2Koix5mLHvppfQAhXbI224Xu_sazdneNPe3pTZUAPucFKnamYMdc2nYDZMVNcxVEMPwMZQuTjciaFwWIjBMl1PBUIkyvmgJh7nuQBj6RhQ7-3yDLDDZQBWf64M_5y1IV8Qnhuc5ZqCr5ZoHXFVE-M4pmrX_as4aJNuGIUFxM2F05tK2O4e4_cbbxYOqzF7j5ZUtkKWR1mEMFP5vQtrfJKqw37FaJtJ6qE_xoE0pSO2wIAq-R3DZ5c0DymkyT9QTFzvq5ZQfMsndOhRQNVShqCsU0yijkks-If0gDEjQ5NKrNosUWFQ5FkMEJGz2RRnucIkAF6Dfmfdmxu0GI-mQL3FSt4VTmfgDtfblR9djlWtEU1QKo6-Z7iTjYtVBrr9fmLiigMkacKS5YoWuYUXmaU1Huu0NVFzf8DcnIjcvKQDLI8U48JlSZ3ItdxbBcc5shlXhSLEAJnoMODTq4Ro5UKP2yg2rFiSOpXIZvgfi1IPqbnoSD5lxp53zWZ1jgl1xG_QlHzEf8jwwSjMzkrCn_09cgfQrhug8vmeRp51xDFOQweyua-BkwBIcN6lGs9SlBQYf9xK9F-oyAL_-9y1sjL7jG2xKS_TOWzAiukon2BGEMjj-oF0M3NcvFSubA14vaWRkeAsOn9J1nyvYJPZ-CjCodpZL1dRFfY-t8re3L9JF6Q23vHhwf-wWi8_5TcsaoVznTDWiOD8nymnoHnWgbPG_VAybeb1kh_AFdXr3Y
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwELaglSouCLY8AgUMQiBBo2Y3tuMcI8qqLXSFKJV6i5zEKRFZZ9VkhbYn_gZ_j_-BxExeapaHxDHxOPY49njGM_6GkOdCj5WWnrJd11U240lsy8RJbZ_FTMRSKl7jbB_PxMEpOzrjZ22e07KLdu9cks2dBkRpMtXeIkmbJS7FXom7FIZMojXMPPvyOtmU3PfB-toMgqOTo97mktL3WmfmHysOtqN1oXxlV1qPmFxzm9a70fQWudmqkTRo_vttck2bEdkODJjQ8xV9QevAzvrEfESs_UxX8K6FAM3prEPgH5Gt49a3vk1-NkDGJS1SOs_yLxSHpMkfQQuTr2gwoZGuFI1h48sMxXiOZfkbaQS_ngZjqkyyXqPGhMgMtGDouSqriwLBKkDGICuLvse7tFzNF8BI3RW8NlzMQbWudutv9vFOtEMYQKomEJ7iqTItdZ7ajS9EJxSaKHKN6UM0rQoK45pkzfknfOpr-ePb95qFO-R0-vbTmwO7TQ5hx8Jhlc10ypjnjnnE3JRpodMkhcdIxWCweoIp6bDUiUHgcF9Hciw04yCdfF-JSCTKce-SDVMYfZ9QNRY88Th3PdBfE4_5SSpjsGOBDv2OwiJON0fCuEVOxwQeeVhbUFKEzbQKMVoOp1V4aZFXfZVFAxvyL-JnOPFChOMwGO9zrpZlGR6efAwDsJ5d0KB83yIvW6K0gMZj1V6fABYQwWtAuTOgBHkRD4u7-R228qoMQSx7gruMcYs87YuxJsbgGV0sS0xYiuIeVH6L3GuWQ8_bxMM73tK1iDdYKD0BopgPS0z2uUYzZ6AySs4s8rpbUle69bche_Bf1E_I1of9afj-cPbuIbkxqVc_s53JDtmoLpb6EaiVVfS4FR2_AIrCd7U
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+milk+containing+only+A2+beta+casein+versus+milk+containing+both+A1+and+A2+beta+casein+proteins+on+gastrointestinal+physiology%2C+symptoms+of+discomfort%2C+and+cognitive+behavior+of+people+with+self-reported+intolerance+to+traditional+cows%E2%80%99+milk&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+journal&rft.au=Jianqin%2C+Sun&rft.au=Leiming%2C+Xu&rft.au=Lu%2C+Xia&rft.au=Yelland%2C+Gregory+W.&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft.issn=1475-2891&rft.eissn=1475-2891&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fs12937-016-0147-z&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1186_s12937_016_0147_z
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1475-2891&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1475-2891&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1475-2891&client=summon