Genetic and environmental influence on language impairment in 4-year-old same-sex and opposite-sex twins
Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four‐year‐old twins with low language performance and their co‐twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same‐sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite‐sex DZ pairs. Methods: Language impairment in 4‐year‐olds was defined by scores below t...
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| Published in | Journal of child psychology and psychiatry Vol. 45; no. 2; pp. 315 - 325 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing
01.02.2004
Wiley-Blackwell Blackwell Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-9630 1469-7610 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00223.x |
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| Abstract | Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four‐year‐old twins with low language performance and their co‐twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same‐sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite‐sex DZ pairs.
Methods: Language impairment in 4‐year‐olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut‐offs below the 15th percentile.
Results: DeFries–Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite‐sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies.
Conclusions: Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. |
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| AbstractList | Background:
We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four‐year‐old twins with low language performance and their co‐twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same‐sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite‐sex DZ pairs.
Methods:
Language impairment in 4‐year‐olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut‐offs below the 15th percentile.
Results:
DeFries–Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite‐sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies.
Conclusions:
Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs.BACKGROUNDWe investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs.Language impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile.METHODSLanguage impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile.DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies.RESULTSDeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies.Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability.CONCLUSIONSLanguage impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 4-year-old twins with low language performance & their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs & 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs. Language impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile. DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys & girls in genetic & environmental aetiologies. Language impairment at 4 years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment & extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys & girls, genetic & environmental influences are quantitatively & qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys & girls. For both boys & girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. 6 Tables, 2 Figures, 36 References. Adapted from the source document Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs. Methods: Language impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile. Results: DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 7.6%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies. Conclusions: Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. (Original abstract) We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs. Language impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile. DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies. Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs. Methods: Language impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile. Results: DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies. Conclusions: Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same-sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite-sex DZ pairs. Methods: Language impairment in 4-year-olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut-offs below the 15th percentile. Results: DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite-sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies. Conclusions: Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four‐year‐old twins with low language performance and their co‐twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131 same‐sex DZ pairs and 102 opposite‐sex DZ pairs. Methods: Language impairment in 4‐year‐olds was defined by scores below the 15th percentile on a general factor derived from an extensive language test battery. Language impairment of different degrees of severity was investigated by using multiple cut‐offs below the 15th percentile. Results: DeFries–Fulker extremes analysis indicated that language impairment as measured by the general language scale is under strong genetic influence. In addition, group differences heritability showed an increasing trend (from 38% to 76%) as a function of severity of language impairment. Although more boys are impaired than girls, incorporating opposite‐sex DZ pairs into the analysis found neither quantitative nor qualitative differences between boys and girls in genetic and environmental aetiologies. Conclusions: Language impairment at four years is heritable. This finding replicates previous research on language impairment and extends it by showing that language impairment is heritable in twins selected from a representative community sample. Despite the mean difference between boys and girls, genetic and environmental influences are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for language impairment for boys and girls. For both boys and girls, heritability appears to be greater for more severe language impairment, indicating stronger influence of genes at the lower end of language ability. |
| Author | Viding, Essi Spinath, Frank M. Dale, Philip S. Plomin, Robert Price, Thomas S. Bishop, Dorothy V.M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Essi surname: Viding fullname: Viding, Essi organization: Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Frank M. surname: Spinath fullname: Spinath, Frank M. organization: Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Thomas S. surname: Price fullname: Price, Thomas S. organization: Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Dorothy V.M. surname: Bishop fullname: Bishop, Dorothy V.M. organization: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Philip S. surname: Dale fullname: Dale, Philip S. organization: Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Robert surname: Plomin fullname: Plomin, Robert organization: Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, UK |
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| Keywords | Human Preschool age Social environment Behavioural genetics Family study Sex Environmental factor language Genetic determinism Language disorder Twin twins. Abbreviations: TEDS: Twins Early Development Study; MZ: monozygotic; DZ: dizygotic Communication disorder language impairment Family environment Heritability Child |
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| References | Lewis, B.A., & Thompson, L.A. (1992). A study of developmental speech and language disorders in twins. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 1086-1094. Lai, C.S.L., Fisher, S.E., Hurst, J.A., Vargha-Khadem, F., & Monaco, A.P. (2001). A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature, 413, 519-523. Reynolds, C.A., Hewitt, J.K., Erickson, M.T., Silberg, J.L., Rutter, M., Simonoff, E., Meyer, J., & Eaves, L. (1996). The genetics of children's oral reading performance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 425-434. Bird, J., Bishop, D.V.M., & Freeman, N.H. (1995). Phonological awareness and literacy development in children with expressive phonological impairments. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 446-462. Tomblin, J.B., & Buckwalter, P.R. (1998). The heritability of poor language achievement among twins. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 188-199. Meaburn, E., Dale, P.S., Craig, I.W., & Plomin, R. (2002). Language-impaired children: No sign of the FOXP2 mutation. Neuro Report, 13, 1075-1077. Neils, J.R., & Aram, D.M. (1986). Handedness and sex of children with developmental language disorders. Brain and Language, 28, 53-65. Bishop, D.V.M., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1995). Genetic basis of specific language impairment: Evidence from a twin study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 37, 56-71. Bishop, D.V.M., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1996). Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: Evidence from a twin study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 391-403. Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: The new science of language and mind. London: Penguin Books. Rutter, M., & Redshaw, J. (1991). Annotation: Growing up as a twin: Twin-singleton differences in psychological development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 885-895. Renfrew, C.E. (1997). Bus Story Test - a test of narrative speech (4th edn). Bicester: Winslow Press Ltd. Colledge, E., Bishop, D.V.M., Koeppen-Schomerus, G., Price, T.S., Happé, F.G.E., Eley, T.C., Dale, P.S., & Plomin, R. (2002). The structure of language abilities at 4 years: A twin study. Developmental Psychology, 38, 749-757. Dale, P.S., Simonoff, E., Bishop, D.V.M., Eley, T.C., Oliver, B., Price, T.S., Purcell, S., Stevenson, J., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genetic influence on language delay in two-year-old children. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 324-328. Plomin, R., DeFries, J.C., McClearn, G.E., & McGuffin, P. (2001). Behavioral genetics (4th edn). New York: Worth Publishers. Goldman, R., & Fristoe, M. (1986). Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service Inc. Dale, P.S., Price, T.S., Bishop, D.V.M., & Plomin, R. (2003). Outcomes of early language delay: I. Predicting persistent and transient delay at 3 and 4 years. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46. Gathercole, S.E., Willis, C., Baddeley, A.D., & Emslie, H. (1994). The children's test of nonword repetition: A test of phonological working memory. Memory, 2, 103-127. Tomblin, J.B., Records, N.L., Buckwalter, P., Zhang, X., Smith, E., & O'Brien, M. (1997). Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 1245-1260. Stromswold, K. (2001). The heritability of language: A review of twin and adoption studies. Language, 77, 647-723. Trouton, A., Spinath, F.M., & Plomin, R. (2002). Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): A multivariate, longitudinal genetic investigation of language, cognition and behaviour problems in childhood. Twin Research, 5, 444-448. Renfrew, C.E. (1988). Action Picture Test(4th edn). Bicester: Winslow Press Ltd. Robinson, R.J. (1991). Causes and associations of severe and persistent specific speech and language disorders in children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 943-962. DeFries, J., & Fulker, D.W. (1985). Multiple regression analysis of twin data. Behavior Genetics, 15, 467-473. Elliot, C.D., Smith, P., & McCulloch, K. (1996). Verbal Comprehension Scale from British Ability Scales(2nd edn). Windsor: NFER-Nelson. McGue, M., & Bouchard, T.J. (1984). Adjustment of twin data for the effects of age and sex. Behavior Genetics, 14, 325-343. Bishop, D.V.M. (1997). Cognitive neuropsychology and developmental disorders: Uncomfortable bedfellows. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A, 899-923. Stevenson, J., Pennington, B.F., Gilger, J.W., DeFries, J.C., & Gillis, J.J. (1993). Hyperactivity and spelling disability: Testing for shared genetic aetiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1137-1152. Koeppen-Schomerus, G., Spinath, F.M., & Plomin, R. (2003). Twins and non-twin siblings: Different estimates of shared environmental influence in early childhood. Twin Research, 6, 97-105. Bishop, D.V.M., Bishop, S.J., Bright, P., James, C., Delaney, T., & Tallal, P. (1999). Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: Evidence from twin study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 155-168. Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A., Fletcher, J.M., & Escobar, M.D. (1990). Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 998-1002. McCarthy, D. (1972). McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. New York: The Psychological Corporation. 2002; 38 1997; 40 1995; 38 1995; 37 1991; 32 1991; 33 2002; 5 2002; 13 1997 1996 1995 1999; 42 1992; 35 1972 1994 1998; 41 1990; 264 1996; 37 2003; 33 1999 1993; 34 1984; 14 2001 2003; 6 2003; 46 1986 1986; 28 1997; 50A 1998; 1 2001; 77 1994; 2 1985; 15 2001; 413 1988 e_1_2_16_24_1 McCarthy D. (e_1_2_16_18_1) 1972 e_1_2_16_29_1 e_1_2_16_28_1 e_1_2_16_27_1 Renfrew C.E. (e_1_2_16_25_1) 1988 e_1_2_16_22_1 e_1_2_16_21_1 e_1_2_16_20_1 Bishop D.V.M. (e_1_2_16_4_1) 1997; 50 Elliot C.D. (e_1_2_16_12_1) 1996 Renfrew C.E. (e_1_2_16_26_1) 1997 Koeppen‐Schomerus G. (e_1_2_16_15_1) 2003; 6 e_1_2_16_13_1 e_1_2_16_19_1 e_1_2_16_34_1 e_1_2_16_35_1 e_1_2_16_17_1 e_1_2_16_16_1 e_1_2_16_37_1 e_1_2_16_30_1 Tomblin J.B. (e_1_2_16_36_1) 1999 e_1_2_16_31_1 e_1_2_16_32_1 Goldman R. (e_1_2_16_14_1) 1986 e_1_2_16_33_1 e_1_2_16_11_1 e_1_2_16_10_1 e_1_2_16_8_1 Plomin R. (e_1_2_16_23_1) 2001 e_1_2_16_7_1 Bates E. (e_1_2_16_2_1) 1995 e_1_2_16_3_1 e_1_2_16_6_1 e_1_2_16_5_1 Dale P.S. (e_1_2_16_9_1) 2003; 46 |
| References_xml | – reference: Bishop, D.V.M., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1995). Genetic basis of specific language impairment: Evidence from a twin study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 37, 56-71. – reference: Rutter, M., & Redshaw, J. (1991). Annotation: Growing up as a twin: Twin-singleton differences in psychological development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 885-895. – reference: Elliot, C.D., Smith, P., & McCulloch, K. (1996). Verbal Comprehension Scale from British Ability Scales(2nd edn). Windsor: NFER-Nelson. – reference: Neils, J.R., & Aram, D.M. (1986). Handedness and sex of children with developmental language disorders. Brain and Language, 28, 53-65. – reference: Meaburn, E., Dale, P.S., Craig, I.W., & Plomin, R. (2002). Language-impaired children: No sign of the FOXP2 mutation. Neuro Report, 13, 1075-1077. – reference: Dale, P.S., Simonoff, E., Bishop, D.V.M., Eley, T.C., Oliver, B., Price, T.S., Purcell, S., Stevenson, J., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genetic influence on language delay in two-year-old children. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 324-328. – reference: Bishop, D.V.M., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1996). Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: Evidence from a twin study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 391-403. – reference: Bishop, D.V.M., Bishop, S.J., Bright, P., James, C., Delaney, T., & Tallal, P. (1999). Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: Evidence from twin study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 155-168. – reference: Renfrew, C.E. (1988). Action Picture Test(4th edn). Bicester: Winslow Press Ltd. – reference: Trouton, A., Spinath, F.M., & Plomin, R. (2002). Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): A multivariate, longitudinal genetic investigation of language, cognition and behaviour problems in childhood. Twin Research, 5, 444-448. – reference: Plomin, R., DeFries, J.C., McClearn, G.E., & McGuffin, P. (2001). Behavioral genetics (4th edn). New York: Worth Publishers. – reference: Lewis, B.A., & Thompson, L.A. (1992). A study of developmental speech and language disorders in twins. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 1086-1094. – reference: Bishop, D.V.M. (1997). Cognitive neuropsychology and developmental disorders: Uncomfortable bedfellows. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A, 899-923. – reference: Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: The new science of language and mind. London: Penguin Books. – reference: Tomblin, J.B., & Buckwalter, P.R. (1998). The heritability of poor language achievement among twins. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 188-199. – reference: Goldman, R., & Fristoe, M. (1986). Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service Inc. – reference: Reynolds, C.A., Hewitt, J.K., Erickson, M.T., Silberg, J.L., Rutter, M., Simonoff, E., Meyer, J., & Eaves, L. (1996). The genetics of children's oral reading performance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 425-434. – reference: Gathercole, S.E., Willis, C., Baddeley, A.D., & Emslie, H. (1994). The children's test of nonword repetition: A test of phonological working memory. Memory, 2, 103-127. – reference: Renfrew, C.E. (1997). Bus Story Test - a test of narrative speech (4th edn). Bicester: Winslow Press Ltd. – reference: Dale, P.S., Price, T.S., Bishop, D.V.M., & Plomin, R. (2003). Outcomes of early language delay: I. Predicting persistent and transient delay at 3 and 4 years. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46. – reference: Colledge, E., Bishop, D.V.M., Koeppen-Schomerus, G., Price, T.S., Happé, F.G.E., Eley, T.C., Dale, P.S., & Plomin, R. (2002). The structure of language abilities at 4 years: A twin study. Developmental Psychology, 38, 749-757. – reference: Stromswold, K. (2001). The heritability of language: A review of twin and adoption studies. Language, 77, 647-723. – reference: Tomblin, J.B., Records, N.L., Buckwalter, P., Zhang, X., Smith, E., & O'Brien, M. (1997). Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 1245-1260. – reference: McGue, M., & Bouchard, T.J. (1984). Adjustment of twin data for the effects of age and sex. Behavior Genetics, 14, 325-343. – reference: Robinson, R.J. (1991). Causes and associations of severe and persistent specific speech and language disorders in children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 943-962. – reference: DeFries, J., & Fulker, D.W. (1985). Multiple regression analysis of twin data. Behavior Genetics, 15, 467-473. – reference: Bird, J., Bishop, D.V.M., & Freeman, N.H. (1995). Phonological awareness and literacy development in children with expressive phonological impairments. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 446-462. – reference: Stevenson, J., Pennington, B.F., Gilger, J.W., DeFries, J.C., & Gillis, J.J. (1993). Hyperactivity and spelling disability: Testing for shared genetic aetiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1137-1152. – reference: Koeppen-Schomerus, G., Spinath, F.M., & Plomin, R. (2003). Twins and non-twin siblings: Different estimates of shared environmental influence in early childhood. Twin Research, 6, 97-105. – reference: Lai, C.S.L., Fisher, S.E., Hurst, J.A., Vargha-Khadem, F., & Monaco, A.P. (2001). A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature, 413, 519-523. – reference: McCarthy, D. (1972). McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. New York: The Psychological Corporation. – reference: Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A., Fletcher, J.M., & Escobar, M.D. (1990). Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 998-1002. – volume: 2 start-page: 103 year: 1994 end-page: 127 article-title: The children's test of nonword repetition: A test of phonological working memory publication-title: Memory – volume: 38 start-page: 749 year: 2002 end-page: 757 article-title: The structure of language abilities at 4 years: A twin study publication-title: Developmental Psychology – volume: 77 start-page: 647 year: 2001 end-page: 723 article-title: The heritability of language: A review of twin and adoption studies publication-title: Language – volume: 46 year: 2003 publication-title: Outcomes of early language delay: I. 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| Snippet | Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four‐year‐old twins with low language performance and their co‐twins, members of 160... Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four‐year‐old twins with low language performance and their co‐twins, members of 160... Background: We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ... We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 four-year-old twins with low language performance and their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs,... We investigated the aetiology of language impairment in 579 4-year-old twins with low language performance & their co-twins, members of 160 MZ twin pairs, 131... |
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| SubjectTerms | Behavioural genetics Biological and medical sciences Child clinical studies Child psychology Child, Preschool Children Co-twins Environmental aspects Environmental Influences Etiology Extremes Female Gender Differences General factor Genes Genetic factors Genetics Heritability Humans language Language and communication disorders Language Aptitude Language Development Language disorders Language Disorders - epidemiology Language Disorders - genetics Language impairment Language Impairments Language Pathology Language Tests Male Medical sciences Preschool Children Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Severity Severity (of Disability) Sex Differences Sex Factors Siblings Social Environment Twins Twins, Dizygotic - genetics Twins, Monozygotic - genetics United Kingdom - epidemiology |
| Title | Genetic and environmental influence on language impairment in 4-year-old same-sex and opposite-sex twins |
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