Transcriptome-based analysis reveals key molecular mechanisms and functional characterization of MaCAX3 gene involved in manganese stress responses in mulberry plants

Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of c...

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Published inBMC plant biology Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 971 - 27
Main Authors Li, Jianbin, Ackah, Michael, Amoako, Frank Kwarteng, Asare, Aaron Tettey, Shen, Manman, Wang, Zhenjiang, Lin, Qiang, Qiu, Changyu, Zhu, Meina, Zhao, Mengdi, Zhao, Weiguo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London BioMed Central 29.07.2025
BioMed Central Ltd
BMC
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ISSN1471-2229
1471-2229
DOI10.1186/s12870-025-06767-5

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Abstract Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO 4 ), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves. Results The results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3 -VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants. Conclusion The study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.
AbstractList BackgroundManganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO4), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves.ResultsThe results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3-VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants.ConclusionThe study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.
Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO.sub.4), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves. The results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3-VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants. The study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.
Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO.sub.4), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves. Results The results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3-VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants. Conclusion The study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves. Keywords: Morus alba, Manganese, Transcriptome, Gene silencing, Cell wall polysaccharides, MaCAX3 gene, Reactive oxygen species
Abstract Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO4), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves. Results The results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3-VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants. Conclusion The study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.
Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO 4 ), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves. Results The results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3 -VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants. Conclusion The study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.
Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO4), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves.BACKGROUNDManganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO4), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves.The results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3-VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants.RESULTSThe results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3-VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants.The study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.CONCLUSIONThe study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.
Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to tolerate these stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn stress is crucial for improving the efficiency of conferring Mn tolerance and phytoremediation, which is intriguing for evolutionary research on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. In this study, the responses of mulberry to varied concentration levels of Mn (MnSO ), ranging from deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), sufficiency (0.15 mM), and toxicity regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM) were compared by elucidating the physiological, transcriptome profiling, and functional characterization of the MaCAX3 gene in mulberry leaves. The results show that Mn-induced deficiency and toxicity not only trigger an increase in oxidation and antioxidant parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H O ), lipid peroxidase (LPO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also concomitantly improved the activities of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging levels in mulberry. Results of the cell wall structural components show that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were significantly higher, except for pectin, in the control (CK) compared to the deficiency and toxicity. Functional validation of the MaCAX3 gene via gene silencing revealed that the heterologous expression of the MaCAX3 gene increased the transport of Mn in yeast, thus inhibiting the toxic effect of Mn relative to the silenced Macax3-VIGS. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 189 and 622 being up- and downregulated, respectively. These DEGs were significantly involved in Mn transport, detoxification, oxidation, antioxidant defense, and cell wall and protein processing, which conferred tolerance to Mn in mulberry plants. The study sheds substantial light on key molecular mechanisms and the functional characterization and validation of crucial Mn tolerance genes in mulberry leaves.
ArticleNumber 971
Audience Academic
Author Qiu, Changyu
Ackah, Michael
Wang, Zhenjiang
Amoako, Frank Kwarteng
Zhao, Weiguo
Lin, Qiang
Zhao, Mengdi
Li, Jianbin
Zhu, Meina
Asare, Aaron Tettey
Shen, Manman
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  email: wgzsri@126.com
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40730943$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords Gene silencing
Reactive oxygen species
Cell wall polysaccharides
gene
Transcriptome
Manganese
MaCAX3 gene
Morus alba
Language English
License 2025. The Author(s).
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Snippet Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific...
Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific mechanisms to...
Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific...
BackgroundManganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and specific...
Abstract Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency and toxicity are major constraints on crop production in soil. Plants have evolved cascade strategies and...
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SubjectTerms Agricultural research
Agriculture
Antioxidants
Antioxidants - metabolism
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biosynthesis
Cell wall polysaccharides
Cell walls
Cellulose
Crop production
Detoxification
Enzymes
Flavonoids
Gene expression
Gene Expression Profiling
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Gene silencing
Genes
Genes, Plant
Genetic aspects
Hardiness
Hemicellulose
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radicals
Leaves
Life Sciences
Lignin
Lipids
MaCAX3 gene
Manganese
Manganese - metabolism
Manganese - toxicity
Metabolism
Metabolites
Methods
Molecular modelling
Morus - drug effects
Morus - genetics
Morus - metabolism
Morus - physiology
Morus alba
Mulberry
Oxidation
Pectin
Peroxidase
Photosynthesis
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Phytoremediation
Plant Leaves - genetics
Plant Leaves - metabolism
Plant Proteins - genetics
Plant Proteins - metabolism
Plant Sciences
Plants
Polyphenol oxidase
Proteins
Reactive oxygen species
RNA sequencing
Scavenging
Stress response
Stress, Physiological - genetics
Stresses
Toxicity
Transcriptome
Transcriptomes
Tree Biology
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Title Transcriptome-based analysis reveals key molecular mechanisms and functional characterization of MaCAX3 gene involved in manganese stress responses in mulberry plants
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