CLIC2 regulates immunosuppression and macrophage differentiation in genomically stable gastric cancer
Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as...
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| Published in | Biology direct Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 89 - 16 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
22.07.2025
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1745-6150 1745-6150 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s13062-025-00666-3 |
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| Abstract | Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment. |
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| AbstractList | Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1[beta], IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment.Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1[beta], IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Keywords: Gastric microenvironment, Tumor microenvironment, Gastric cancer, Clic2, Macrophages, Differentiation, Signaling Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Abstract Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the fifth-ranked master regulator associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer (dGC) showing increased expression in tumors. Here we used bulk, as well as single cell sequencing datasets of dGC, to demonstrate for the first time a direct association of CLIC2 with the microsatellite stable GC and, furthermore, the expression of CLIC2 in macrophages (MCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) populating gastric tissue. We generated CLIC2 knock-out THP-1 monocytic cells (THP-1CLIC2_KO) determining that while CLIC2 deletion had no observable effect on monocytes, THP-1CLIC2_KO macrophages exhibited significant morphological changes, including increased membrane protrusions, and upregulated expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD80, and CD86 markers. Furthermore, cytokine secretion profiling of THP-1CLIC2_KO differentiated cells revealed elevated secretion of CCL8, alongside reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Additionally, we observed increased phosphorylation of Shp1 phosphatase with the concomitant absence of Stat3 phosphorylation, which impaired downstream signaling, in line with the evidence that Clic2 interacts with both Shp1 and Stat3. Based on these findings, we suggest that CLIC2 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by modulating the Stat3 signaling pathway, thus enhancing gastric cancer progression by establishing a tumor-permissive microenvironment. |
| ArticleNumber | 89 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | De Vita, Ferdinando Luongo, Margherita Sabato, Claudia Pagliara, Valentina Amodio, Giuseppina Russi, Sabino Milone, Maria Rita De Stefano, Cristofaro Balzamo, Chiara Remondelli, Paolo Di Paola, Giuseppina Calice, Giovanni Longo, Viviana Albano, Francesco Zoppoli, Pietro Patitucci, Giuseppe Lucci, Valeria Cesta, Giuseppe Falco, Geppino Notarangelo, Tiziana Guadagno, Roberta Laurino, Simona Mazzone, Pellegrino Amendola, Elena |
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| Keywords | Signaling Tumor microenvironment Gastric microenvironment Macrophages Differentiation Gastric cancer Clic2 |
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| Snippet | Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2, as the... Abstract Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionarily conserved proteins with diverse functions. Previously, we identified CLIC2,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Analysis Anopheles Biomedical and Life Sciences Brain cancer Cancer Care and treatment CD11b antigen CD11c antigen CD80 antigen CD86 antigen Cell differentiation Cell Differentiation - genetics Cells Chloride channels Chloride Channels - genetics Chloride Channels - metabolism Clic2 Cloning Development and progression Diagnosis Differentiation Disease Endothelial cells Endothelium Fibroblasts Gastric cancer Gastric microenvironment Gene expression Genetic aspects Genomes Health aspects Humans Immunosuppression Immunotherapy Life Sciences Localization Macrophages Macrophages - metabolism Medical prognosis Microenvironments Monocytes Osteoprotegerin Patient outcomes Phosphatases Phosphorylation Proteins SHP-1 protein Signal transduction Stat3 protein Stomach cancer Stomach Neoplasms - genetics Stomach Neoplasms - immunology Stomach Neoplasms - metabolism Tumor microenvironment Tumors |
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| Title | CLIC2 regulates immunosuppression and macrophage differentiation in genomically stable gastric cancer |
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