Economic Impact of Childhood and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) co...
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| Published in | Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Vol. 51; no. 10; pp. 990 - 1002.e2 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Maryland Heights, MO
Elsevier Inc
01.10.2012
Elsevier Elsevier BV |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0890-8567 1527-5418 1527-5418 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.008 |
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| Abstract | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD.
A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group.
Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B−$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B−$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B−$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B−$44B) and education ($15B−$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B−$43B).
Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. |
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| AbstractList | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B-$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B-$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B-$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B-$44B) and education ($15B-$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B-$43B). Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B−$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B−$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B−$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B−$44B) and education ($15B−$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B−$43B). Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD.OBJECTIVEAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD.A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group.METHODA systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group.Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105 B-$194 B) compared with children/adolescents ($38 B-$72 B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87 B-$138 B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21 B-$44 B) and education ($15 B-$25 B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33 B-$43 B).RESULTSNineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105 B-$194 B) compared with children/adolescents ($38 B-$72 B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87 B-$138 B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21 B-$44 B) and education ($15 B-$25 B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33 B-$43 B).Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.CONCLUSIONDespite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. Method A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Results Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B−$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B−$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B−$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B−$44B) and education ($15B−$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B−$43B). Conclusion Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. Method: A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B-$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B-$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B-$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B-$44B) and education ($15B-$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B-$43B). Conclusion: Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. (Contains 3 figures and 3 tables.) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B-$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B-$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B-$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B-$44B) and education ($15B-$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B-$43B). Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. Adapted from the source document. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105 B-$194 B) compared with children/adolescents ($38 B-$72 B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87 B-$138 B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21 B-$44 B) and education ($15 B-$25 B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33 B-$43 B). Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. |
| Author | Hodgkins, Paul Setyawan, Juliana Kahle, Jennifer Erder, M. Haim Neumann, Peter J. Cangelosi, Michael J. Doshi, Jalpa A. Sikirica, Vanja |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jalpa A. surname: Doshi fullname: Doshi, Jalpa A. email: jdoshi@mail.med.upenn.edu organization: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania – sequence: 2 givenname: Paul surname: Hodgkins fullname: Hodgkins, Paul organization: Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Shire Development LLC – sequence: 3 givenname: Jennifer surname: Kahle fullname: Kahle, Jennifer organization: BPS International – sequence: 4 givenname: Vanja surname: Sikirica fullname: Sikirica, Vanja organization: Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Shire Development LLC – sequence: 5 givenname: Michael J. surname: Cangelosi fullname: Cangelosi, Michael J. organization: Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center – sequence: 6 givenname: Juliana surname: Setyawan fullname: Setyawan, Juliana organization: Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Shire Development LLC – sequence: 7 givenname: M. Haim surname: Erder fullname: Erder, M. Haim organization: Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Shire Development LLC – sequence: 8 givenname: Peter J. surname: Neumann fullname: Neumann, Peter J. organization: Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center |
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| Snippet | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into... Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists... Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists... |
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| SubjectTerms | ADHD Adolescents Adult Adults Age Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - economics Attention deficit disorders. Hyperactivity Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Biological and medical sciences Censuses Child Child clinical studies Child psychology Childhood Children Control Groups cost of illness Costs Economic Impact Employment Health care expenditures Health costs Humans Hyperactivity Inclusion Indexing in process Influences Medical sciences Mental Disorders Pediatrics Program Effectiveness Psychiatry Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Relatives societal costs Spillover effect United States |
| Title | Economic Impact of Childhood and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States |
| URI | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0890856712005382 https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S0890856712005382 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.008 http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ982527 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021476 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1093901512 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1081873244 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1125230102 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1323338018 |
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