More frequent naps are associated with lower cognitive development in a cohort of 8–38‐month‐old children, during the Covid‐19 pandemic

Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a ch...

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Published inJCPP advances Vol. 3; no. 4; pp. e12190 - n/a
Main Authors Gliga, Teodora, Hendry, Alexandra, Kong, Shannon P., Ewing, Ben, Davies, Catherine, McGillion, Michelle, Gonzalez‐Gomez, Nayeli
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.12.2023
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Wiley
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2692-9384
2692-9384
DOI10.1002/jcv2.12190

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Abstract Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency. Methods Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford‐Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8–38‐month‐olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid‐19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings. Results We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age. Conclusions These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep. Frequent napping, in childhood, is believed to reflect an brain's need to consolidate information soon after learning, yet a previous study showed that more frequent napping associates with higher rather than lower cognitive development. During the UK Covid‐19 lockdown, closure of daycare removed one environmental factor that may interfere with children's sleep need. In a cohort of 8–38‐month olds followed up during lockdown, more frequent naps associated with lower concurrent vocabulary and executive functions. For example, still napping once a day, in children over 25 months old, is associated with lower vocabularies (see Figure).
AbstractList Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency. Methods Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford‐Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8–38‐month‐olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid‐19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings. Results We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age. Conclusions These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep. Frequent napping, in childhood, is believed to reflect an brain's need to consolidate information soon after learning, yet a previous study showed that more frequent napping associates with higher rather than lower cognitive development. During the UK Covid‐19 lockdown, closure of daycare removed one environmental factor that may interfere with children's sleep need. In a cohort of 8–38‐month olds followed up during lockdown, more frequent naps associated with lower concurrent vocabulary and executive functions. For example, still napping once a day, in children over 25 months old, is associated with lower vocabularies (see Figure).
How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency.BackgroundHow often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency.Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford-Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8-38-month-olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid-19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings.MethodsHere we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford-Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8-38-month-olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid-19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings.We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age.ResultsWe find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age.These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep.
Abstract Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency. Methods Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford‐Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8–38‐month‐olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid‐19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings. Results We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age. Conclusions These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep.
Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency. Methods Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford‐Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8–38‐month‐olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid‐19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings. Results We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age. Conclusions These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep.
Frequent napping, in childhood, is believed to reflect an brain's need to consolidate information soon after learning, yet a previous study showed that more frequent napping associates with higher rather than lower cognitive development. During the UK Covid‐19 lockdown, closure of daycare removed one environmental factor that may interfere with children's sleep need. In a cohort of 8–38‐month olds followed up during lockdown, more frequent naps associated with lower concurrent vocabulary and executive functions. For example, still napping once a day, in children over 25 months old, is associated with lower vocabularies (see Figure).
How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency. Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford-Communicative Development Inventory (  = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (  = 463), in a cohort of 8-38-month-olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid-19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings. We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age. These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep.
Author Gliga, Teodora
McGillion, Michelle
Gonzalez‐Gomez, Nayeli
Hendry, Alexandra
Ewing, Ben
Kong, Shannon P.
Davies, Catherine
AuthorAffiliation 4 School of Languages, Cultures and Societies University of Leeds Leeds UK
5 Department of Psychology University of Warwick Coventry UK
1 School of Psychology University of East Anglia Norwich UK
2 Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
3 Centre for Psychological Research Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
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– name: 3 Centre for Psychological Research Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
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crossref_primary_10_3389_frsle_2024_1405398
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Issue 4
Keywords sleep
Covid‐19
pre‐school children
vocabulary
executive functions
napping
Language English
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Snippet Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate...
How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon...
Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate...
Frequent napping, in childhood, is believed to reflect an brain's need to consolidate information soon after learning, yet a previous study showed that more...
Abstract Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to...
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StartPage e12190
SubjectTerms Age
Children & youth
Cognition & reasoning
Cognitive development
COVID-19
executive functions
Memory
napping
Original
pre‐school children
Questionnaires
Shelter in place
Sleep
Social distancing
vocabulary
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Title More frequent naps are associated with lower cognitive development in a cohort of 8–38‐month‐old children, during the Covid‐19 pandemic
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