The role of neural tension in hamstring flexibility
Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subje...
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| Published in | Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports Vol. 22; no. 2; pp. 164 - 169 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.04.2012
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0905-7188 1600-0838 1600-0838 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01180.x |
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| Abstract | Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subjects. Stretches were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5°/s with the test thigh flexed 40° above the horizontal, and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the medial and lateral hamstrings during stretches. Knees were passively extended to maximum stretch tolerance with test order (neural tension vs neutral) alternated between legs. For neural tension stretches, the cervical and thoracic spine were manually flexed. Maximum ROM was 8° less for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.01). Resistance to stretch was 14–15% higher for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.001) at common joint angles in the final third of ROM. Stretch discomfort and EMG response were unaffected by neural tension. In conclusion, an increased passive resistance to stretch with the addition of neural tension during passive hamstring stretch despite no change in the EMG response indicates that passive extensibility of neural tissues can limit hamstring flexibility. |
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| AbstractList | Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subjects. Stretches were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5°/s with the test thigh flexed 40° above the horizontal, and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the medial and lateral hamstrings during stretches. Knees were passively extended to maximum stretch tolerance with test order (neural tension vs neutral) alternated between legs. For neural tension stretches, the cervical and thoracic spine were manually flexed. Maximum ROM was 8° less for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.01). Resistance to stretch was 14–15% higher for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.001) at common joint angles in the final third of ROM. Stretch discomfort and EMG response were unaffected by neural tension. In conclusion, an increased passive resistance to stretch with the addition of neural tension during passive hamstring stretch despite no change in the EMG response indicates that passive extensibility of neural tissues can limit hamstring flexibility. Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subjects. Stretches were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5°/s with the test thigh flexed 40° above the horizontal, and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the medial and lateral hamstrings during stretches. Knees were passively extended to maximum stretch tolerance with test order (neural tension vs neutral) alternated between legs. For neural tension stretches, the cervical and thoracic spine were manually flexed. Maximum ROM was 8° less for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch ( P <0.01). Resistance to stretch was 14–15% higher for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch ( P <0.001) at common joint angles in the final third of ROM. Stretch discomfort and EMG response were unaffected by neural tension. In conclusion, an increased passive resistance to stretch with the addition of neural tension during passive hamstring stretch despite no change in the EMG response indicates that passive extensibility of neural tissues can limit hamstring flexibility. Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subjects. Stretches were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5°/s with the test thigh flexed 40° above the horizontal, and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the medial and lateral hamstrings during stretches. Knees were passively extended to maximum stretch tolerance with test order (neural tension vs neutral) alternated between legs. For neural tension stretches, the cervical and thoracic spine were manually flexed. Maximum ROM was 8° less for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.01). Resistance to stretch was 14-15% higher for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.001) at common joint angles in the final third of ROM. Stretch discomfort and EMG response were unaffected by neural tension. In conclusion, an increased passive resistance to stretch with the addition of neural tension during passive hamstring stretch despite no change in the EMG response indicates that passive extensibility of neural tissues can limit hamstring flexibility.Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subjects. Stretches were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5°/s with the test thigh flexed 40° above the horizontal, and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the medial and lateral hamstrings during stretches. Knees were passively extended to maximum stretch tolerance with test order (neural tension vs neutral) alternated between legs. For neural tension stretches, the cervical and thoracic spine were manually flexed. Maximum ROM was 8° less for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.01). Resistance to stretch was 14-15% higher for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.001) at common joint angles in the final third of ROM. Stretch discomfort and EMG response were unaffected by neural tension. In conclusion, an increased passive resistance to stretch with the addition of neural tension during passive hamstring stretch despite no change in the EMG response indicates that passive extensibility of neural tissues can limit hamstring flexibility. Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subjects. Stretches were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5 degree /s with the test thigh flexed 40 degree above the horizontal, and the seat back at 90 degree to the horizontal. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the medial and lateral hamstrings during stretches. Knees were passively extended to maximum stretch tolerance with test order (neural tension vs neutral) alternated between legs. For neural tension stretches, the cervical and thoracic spine were manually flexed. Maximum ROM was 8 degree less for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.01). Resistance to stretch was 14-15% higher for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.001) at common joint angles in the final third of ROM. Stretch discomfort and EMG response were unaffected by neural tension. In conclusion, an increased passive resistance to stretch with the addition of neural tension during passive hamstring stretch despite no change in the EMG response indicates that passive extensibility of neural tissues can limit hamstring flexibility. Resistance to stretch, electromyographic (EMG) response to stretch, stretch discomfort and maximum range of motion (ROM) were measured during passive hamstring stretches performed in the slump test position (neural tension stretch) and in the upright position (neutral stretch) in eight healthy subjects. Stretches were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5°/s with the test thigh flexed 40° above the horizontal, and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the medial and lateral hamstrings during stretches. Knees were passively extended to maximum stretch tolerance with test order (neural tension vs neutral) alternated between legs. For neural tension stretches, the cervical and thoracic spine were manually flexed. Maximum ROM was 8° less for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.01). Resistance to stretch was 14-15% higher for the neural tension stretch vs the neutral stretch (P<0.001) at common joint angles in the final third of ROM. Stretch discomfort and EMG response were unaffected by neural tension. In conclusion, an increased passive resistance to stretch with the addition of neural tension during passive hamstring stretch despite no change in the EMG response indicates that passive extensibility of neural tissues can limit hamstring flexibility. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | McHugh, M.P. Morrison, R.H. Johnson, C.D. |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20738821$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| References | Lew PC, BriggsCA.Relationship between the cervical component of the slump test and change in hamstring muscle tension. Man Ther1997: 2: 98-105. Magnusson SP, SimonsenEB, AagaardP, GleimGW, McHughMP, KjaerM.Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports1995: 5: 342-347. Avela J, FinniT, LiikavainioT, NiemelaE, KomiPV.Neural and mechanical responses of the triceps surae muscle group after 1 h of repeated fast passive stretches. J Appl Physiol2004: 96: 2325-2332. O'Sullivan PB, DankaertsW, BurnettAF, FarrellGT, JeffordE, NaylorCS, O'SullivanKJ.Effect of different upright sitting postures on spinal-pelvic curvature and trunk muscle activation in a pain-free population. Spine2006: 31(19): E707-E712. Webright WG, RandolphBJ, PerrinDH.Comparison of nonballistic active knee extension in neural slump position and static stretch techniques on hamstring flexibility. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1997: 26: 7-13. Johnson EK, ChiarelloCM.The slump test: the effects of head and lower extremity position on knee extension. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997: 26: 310-317. Etnyre BR, AbrahamLD.Antagonist muscle activity during stretching: a paradox re-assessed. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1988: 20: 285-289. Laessøe U, VoigtM.Modification of stretch tolerance in a stooping position. Scand J Med Sci Sports2004: 14: 239-244. Magid A, LawDJ.Myofibrils bear most of the resting tension in frog skeletal muscle. Science1985: 230(4731): 1280-1282. McHugh MP, CosgraveCH.To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010: 20: 169-181. Magnusson SP, SimonsenEB, AagaardP, BoesenJ, JohannsenF, KjaerM.Determinants of musculoskeletal flexibility: viscoelastic properties, cross-sectional area, EMG and stretch tolerance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997: 7: 195-202. Avela J, KyröläinenH, KomiPV.Altered reflex sensitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretching. J Appl Physiol1999: 86: 1283-1291. Herbert RD, MoseleyAM, ButlerJE, GandeviaSC.Change in length of relaxed muscle fascicles and tendons with knee and ankle movement in humans. J Physiol2002: 539: 637-645. Purslow PP. Strain-induced reorientation of an intramuscular connective tissue network: implications for passive muscle elasticity. J Biomech 1989: 22: 21-31. Kubo K, KanehisaH, FukunagaT.Is passive stiffness in human muscles related to the elasticity of tendon structures?Eur J Appl Physiol2001: 85: 226-232. Cramer JT, HoushTJ, WeirJP, JohnsonGO, CoburnJW, BeckTW.The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Eur J Appl Physiol2005: 93: 530-539. Kornberg C, LewP.The effect of stretching neural structures on grade one hamstring injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1989: 10: 481-487. Turl SE, GeorgeKP.Adverse neural tension: a factor in repetitive hamstring strain? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998: 27: 16-21. Magnusson SP, SimonsenEB, Dyhre-PoulsenP, AagaardP, MohrT, KjaerM.Viscoelastic stress relaxation during static stretch in human skeletal muscle in the absence of EMG activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports1996: 6: 323-328. McHugh MP, KremenicIJ, FoxMB, GleimGW.The role of mechanical and neural restraints to joint range of motion during passive stretch. Med Sci Sports Exercise1998: 30: 928-932. McHugh MP, MagnussonSP, GleimGW, NicholasJA.Viscoelastic stress relaxation in human skeletal muscle. Med Sci Sports Exercise1992: 24: 1375-1382. 1998; 27 2004; 96 2010; 20 1989; 22 2006; 31 1989; 10 1997; 26 2004; 14 1999; 86 2002; 539 1992; 24 1997; 2 2005; 93 1988; 20 1998; 30 2001; 85 1985; 230 1995; 5 1997; 7 1996; 6 Etnyre BR (e_1_2_6_5_1) 1988; 20 e_1_2_6_10_1 McHugh MP (e_1_2_6_16_1) 2010; 20 Magnusson SP (e_1_2_6_13_1) 1997; 7 Purslow PP. (e_1_2_6_20_1) 1989; 22 e_1_2_6_9_1 Johnson EK (e_1_2_6_7_1) 1997; 26 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 Turl SE (e_1_2_6_21_1) 1998; 27 e_1_2_6_15_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Kubo K, KanehisaH, FukunagaT.Is passive stiffness in human muscles related to the elasticity of tendon structures?Eur J Appl Physiol2001: 85: 226-232. – reference: Magnusson SP, SimonsenEB, AagaardP, BoesenJ, JohannsenF, KjaerM.Determinants of musculoskeletal flexibility: viscoelastic properties, cross-sectional area, EMG and stretch tolerance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997: 7: 195-202. – reference: Magnusson SP, SimonsenEB, AagaardP, GleimGW, McHughMP, KjaerM.Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports1995: 5: 342-347. – reference: McHugh MP, KremenicIJ, FoxMB, GleimGW.The role of mechanical and neural restraints to joint range of motion during passive stretch. Med Sci Sports Exercise1998: 30: 928-932. – reference: O'Sullivan PB, DankaertsW, BurnettAF, FarrellGT, JeffordE, NaylorCS, O'SullivanKJ.Effect of different upright sitting postures on spinal-pelvic curvature and trunk muscle activation in a pain-free population. Spine2006: 31(19): E707-E712. – reference: Herbert RD, MoseleyAM, ButlerJE, GandeviaSC.Change in length of relaxed muscle fascicles and tendons with knee and ankle movement in humans. J Physiol2002: 539: 637-645. – reference: Kornberg C, LewP.The effect of stretching neural structures on grade one hamstring injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1989: 10: 481-487. – reference: Magid A, LawDJ.Myofibrils bear most of the resting tension in frog skeletal muscle. Science1985: 230(4731): 1280-1282. – reference: McHugh MP, MagnussonSP, GleimGW, NicholasJA.Viscoelastic stress relaxation in human skeletal muscle. Med Sci Sports Exercise1992: 24: 1375-1382. – reference: Lew PC, BriggsCA.Relationship between the cervical component of the slump test and change in hamstring muscle tension. Man Ther1997: 2: 98-105. – reference: Magnusson SP, SimonsenEB, Dyhre-PoulsenP, AagaardP, MohrT, KjaerM.Viscoelastic stress relaxation during static stretch in human skeletal muscle in the absence of EMG activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports1996: 6: 323-328. – reference: Webright WG, RandolphBJ, PerrinDH.Comparison of nonballistic active knee extension in neural slump position and static stretch techniques on hamstring flexibility. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1997: 26: 7-13. – reference: Avela J, FinniT, LiikavainioT, NiemelaE, KomiPV.Neural and mechanical responses of the triceps surae muscle group after 1 h of repeated fast passive stretches. J Appl Physiol2004: 96: 2325-2332. – reference: Turl SE, GeorgeKP.Adverse neural tension: a factor in repetitive hamstring strain? 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– volume: 26 start-page: 310 year: 1997 ident: e_1_2_6_7_1 article-title: The slump test publication-title: the effects of head and lower extremity position on knee extension – ident: e_1_2_6_12_1 doi: 10.1126/science.4071053 – ident: e_1_2_6_4_1 doi: 10.1007/s00421-004-1199-x – ident: e_1_2_6_6_1 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012756 – volume: 7 start-page: 195 year: 1997 ident: e_1_2_6_13_1 article-title: Determinants of musculoskeletal flexibility publication-title: viscoelastic properties, cross-sectional area, EMG and stretch tolerance – ident: e_1_2_6_10_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00332.x – ident: e_1_2_6_14_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00056.x – ident: e_1_2_6_18_1 doi: 10.1249/00005768-199212000-00011 – ident: e_1_2_6_11_1 doi: 10.1054/math.1997.0291 – ident: e_1_2_6_22_1 doi: 10.2519/jospt.1997.26.1.7 – ident: e_1_2_6_2_1 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01010.2003 – volume: 22 start-page: 21 year: 1989 ident: e_1_2_6_20_1 article-title: Strain‐induced reorientation of an intramuscular connective tissue network publication-title: implications for passive muscle elasticity – ident: e_1_2_6_19_1 doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000234735.98075.50 |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Biomechanical Phenomena Electromyography Female Flexibility Humans Leg - physiology Legs Male Middle Aged Muscle Contraction - physiology muscle extensibility Muscle Stretching Exercises Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Muscular system Range of Motion, Articular - physiology slump test stretching Tendons Thigh - physiology viscoelasticity |
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| Title | The role of neural tension in hamstring flexibility |
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