The Toll-Like Receptor 2 Pathway Establishes Colonization by a Commensal of the Human Microbiota

Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4⁺...

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Published in	Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Vol. 332; no. 6032; pp. 974 - 977
Main Authors	Round, June L., Lee, S. Melanie, Li, Jennifer, Tran, Gloria, Jabri, Bana, Chatila, Talal A., Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Washington, DC American Association for the Advancement of Science 20.05.2011 The American Association for the Advancement of Science
Subjects	Animals Bacteria Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides fragilis - growth & development Bacteroides fragilis - immunology Biological and medical sciences CD4-positive T-lymphocytes Colon - immunology Colon - microbiology Colonization Commensals digestive system Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Germ free state Germ-Free Life Homeostasis Humans Immune response Immune system Immune Tolerance immunity Immunity, Mucosal Interleukin-10 - metabolism Intestinal Mucosa - immunology Intestinal Mucosa - microbiology Land Settlement Lymphocytes Membranes Metagenome Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Microbiology Microbiota Microorganisms Models, Biological mucosa Pathogens Pathways polysaccharides Polysaccharides, Bacterial - immunology Polysaccharides, Bacterial - metabolism Receptors Recognition Signal Transduction Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms Symbiosis T lymphocytes T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory - immunology Th17 Cells - immunology Tolerances Toll-like receptor 2 Toll-Like Receptor 2 - immunology Toll-Like Receptor 2 - metabolism
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	0036-8075 1095-9203 1095-9203
DOI	10.1126/science.1206095

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Abstract	Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4⁺ T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.
AbstractList	Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4+ T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization. Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4⁺ T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization. Our bodies harbor over a billion bacteria, the majority of which are commensal rather than pathogenic. Why does the immune system attack only pathogenic bacteria? Round et al. (p. 974, published online 21 April) examined the underlying immune mechanisms that allow for the colonization of colonic mucosal tissue by the human commensal, Bacteroides fragilis. In germ-free mice and in mice colonized with only B. fragilis, the B. fragilis-secreted molecule, polysaccharide A, signaled through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to promote immune tolerance. This finding is rather unexpected because TLR2 signaling is typically associated with immune activation and bacterial clearance. Thus, commensal bacteria may produce factors that promote tolerance by signaling through classical innate immune response pathways. Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4+ T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization. Signaling through innate immune receptors promotes commensal bacteria colonization of the gut. Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4 + T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3 + regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.
Author	Mazmanian, Sarkis K. Jabri, Bana Lee, S. Melanie Round, June L. Tran, Gloria Chatila, Talal A. Li, Jennifer
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: June L. surname: Round fullname: Round, June L. – sequence: 2 givenname: S. Melanie surname: Lee fullname: Lee, S. Melanie – sequence: 3 givenname: Jennifer surname: Li fullname: Li, Jennifer – sequence: 4 givenname: Gloria surname: Tran fullname: Tran, Gloria – sequence: 5 givenname: Bana surname: Jabri fullname: Jabri, Bana – sequence: 6 givenname: Talal A. surname: Chatila fullname: Chatila, Talal A. – sequence: 7 givenname: Sarkis K. surname: Mazmanian fullname: Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24189712$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512004$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we... Signaling through innate immune receptors promotes commensal bacteria colonization of the gut. Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like... Our bodies harbor over a billion bacteria, the majority of which are commensal rather than pathogenic. Why does the immune system attack only pathogenic...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Bacteria Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides fragilis - growth & development Bacteroides fragilis - immunology Biological and medical sciences CD4-positive T-lymphocytes Colon - immunology Colon - microbiology Colonization Commensals digestive system Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Germ free state Germ-Free Life Homeostasis Humans Immune response Immune system Immune Tolerance immunity Immunity, Mucosal Interleukin-10 - metabolism Intestinal Mucosa - immunology Intestinal Mucosa - microbiology Land Settlement Lymphocytes Membranes Metagenome Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Microbiology Microbiota Microorganisms Models, Biological mucosa Pathogens Pathways polysaccharides Polysaccharides, Bacterial - immunology Polysaccharides, Bacterial - metabolism Receptors Recognition Signal Transduction Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms Symbiosis T lymphocytes T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory - immunology Th17 Cells - immunology Tolerances Toll-like receptor 2 Toll-Like Receptor 2 - immunology Toll-Like Receptor 2 - metabolism
Title	The Toll-Like Receptor 2 Pathway Establishes Colonization by a Commensal of the Human Microbiota
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