Feedback algorithms for intelligent reflecting surfaces: Phase shift matrix and single-bit feedback
This paper introduces two innovative feedback algorithms—phase shift matrix (PSM)-based and single-bit feedback (SBF)-based—that improve the efficiency of phase adjustments in intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). In the PSM-based algorithm, the IRS phase shift vector is selected from a predefined...
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| Published in | PloS one Vol. 20; no. 5; p. e0322183 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Public Library of Science
08.05.2025
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0322183 |
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| Abstract | This paper introduces two innovative feedback algorithms—phase shift matrix (PSM)-based and single-bit feedback (SBF)-based—that improve the efficiency of phase adjustments in intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). In the PSM-based algorithm, the IRS phase shift vector is selected from a predefined PSM to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. The receiver then sends back only the index of the optimal phase shift vector to the transmitter. In contrast, the SBF algorithm adjusts the IRS elements using single-bit feedback. Here, the transmitter makes a minor random alteration in the phase of each IRS element at each iteration; simultaneously, the receiver transmits an SBF, indicating whether the SNR improved or deteriorated after the current iteration. The transmitter keeps the “good” phase adjustment and throws away the “bad” ones. Simulation results are produced to compare the performance of both algorithms in terms of average bit error rate, and results show that SBF-based phase adjustment of IRS elements is better than PSM-based phase adjustment. |
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| AbstractList | This paper introduces two innovative feedback algorithms-phase shift matrix (PSM)-based and single-bit feedback (SBF)-based-that improve the efficiency of phase adjustments in intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). In the PSM-based algorithm, the IRS phase shift vector is selected from a predefined PSM to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. The receiver then sends back only the index of the optimal phase shift vector to the transmitter. In contrast, the SBF algorithm adjusts the IRS elements using single-bit feedback. Here, the transmitter makes a minor random alteration in the phase of each IRS element at each iteration; simultaneously, the receiver transmits an SBF, indicating whether the SNR improved or deteriorated after the current iteration. The transmitter keeps the "good" phase adjustment and throws away the "bad" ones. Simulation results are produced to compare the performance of both algorithms in terms of average bit error rate, and results show that SBF-based phase adjustment of IRS elements is better than PSM-based phase adjustment. This paper introduces two innovative feedback algorithms-phase shift matrix (PSM)-based and single-bit feedback (SBF)-based-that improve the efficiency of phase adjustments in intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). In the PSM-based algorithm, the IRS phase shift vector is selected from a predefined PSM to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. The receiver then sends back only the index of the optimal phase shift vector to the transmitter. In contrast, the SBF algorithm adjusts the IRS elements using single-bit feedback. Here, the transmitter makes a minor random alteration in the phase of each IRS element at each iteration; simultaneously, the receiver transmits an SBF, indicating whether the SNR improved or deteriorated after the current iteration. The transmitter keeps the "good" phase adjustment and throws away the "bad" ones. Simulation results are produced to compare the performance of both algorithms in terms of average bit error rate, and results show that SBF-based phase adjustment of IRS elements is better than PSM-based phase adjustment.This paper introduces two innovative feedback algorithms-phase shift matrix (PSM)-based and single-bit feedback (SBF)-based-that improve the efficiency of phase adjustments in intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). In the PSM-based algorithm, the IRS phase shift vector is selected from a predefined PSM to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. The receiver then sends back only the index of the optimal phase shift vector to the transmitter. In contrast, the SBF algorithm adjusts the IRS elements using single-bit feedback. Here, the transmitter makes a minor random alteration in the phase of each IRS element at each iteration; simultaneously, the receiver transmits an SBF, indicating whether the SNR improved or deteriorated after the current iteration. The transmitter keeps the "good" phase adjustment and throws away the "bad" ones. Simulation results are produced to compare the performance of both algorithms in terms of average bit error rate, and results show that SBF-based phase adjustment of IRS elements is better than PSM-based phase adjustment. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Sohaib, Sarmad Shafi, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 3 School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Seoul National University of Science & Technology, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan – name: 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia – name: Seoul National University of Science & Technology, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF – name: 3 School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sarmad surname: Sohaib fullname: Sohaib, Sarmad – sequence: 2 givenname: Muhammad orcidid: 0000-0002-3164-4103 surname: Ahmad fullname: Ahmad, Muhammad – sequence: 3 givenname: Muhammad orcidid: 0000-0002-8430-206X surname: Shafi fullname: Shafi, Muhammad |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40338922$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1109/LWC.2023.3277136 10.1109/LWC.2019.2948632 10.3390/s22062390 10.1186/s13677-023-00528-1 10.1109/TWC.2024.3349707 10.1109/ISIT.2008.4595453 10.1109/TCOMM.2020.3001125 10.1109/MENACOMM46666.2019.8988515 10.1038/srep42283 10.1109/MWC.004.2300058 10.1109/TVT.2024.3361210 10.3390/math12192973 10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9053695 10.3390/s22145405 10.1109/TVT.2024.3360949 10.1109/COMST.2020.3004197 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2958916 10.1016/j.phycom.2023.102007 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright: © 2025 Sohaib et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. COPYRIGHT 2025 Public Library of Science 2025 Sohaib et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2025 Sohaib et al 2025 Sohaib et al 2025 Sohaib et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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| Snippet | This paper introduces two innovative feedback algorithms—phase shift matrix (PSM)-based and single-bit feedback (SBF)-based—that improve the efficiency of... This paper introduces two innovative feedback algorithms-phase shift matrix (PSM)-based and single-bit feedback (SBF)-based-that improve the efficiency of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Analysis Bit error rate Communications equipment Communications systems Computer and Information Sciences Computer Simulation Design Engineering and Technology Explicit knowledge Feedback Feedback (Psychology) Field programmable gate arrays Linear programming Management Mobile communication systems Optimization Phase shift Physical Sciences Receivers & amplifiers Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces Research and Analysis Methods Signal to noise ratio Transmitters Wireless communication systems Wireless communications |
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| Title | Feedback algorithms for intelligent reflecting surfaces: Phase shift matrix and single-bit feedback |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40338922 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3202081504 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3202150767 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12061160 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322183 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322183 |
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