Reading activity prevents long-term decline in cognitive function in older people: evidence from a 14-year longitudinal study

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels. DesignA longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up. SettingFace-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inInternational psychogeriatrics Vol. 33; no. 1; pp. 63 - 74
Main Authors Chang, Yu-Hung, Wu, I-Chien, Hsiung, Chao A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 01.01.2021
Elsevier Inc
Subjects
Activities of Daily Living
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aging
Cognition
Cognitive ability
Cognitive Dysfunction - prevention & control
cognitive function
Cognitive functioning
Cognitive impairment
Dementia
Discussion groups
Education
Exercise
Female
Humans
Interaction terms
Leisure
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Older people
Original
Original Research Article
Outdoor activities
Physical fitness
Polls & surveys
Questionnaires
Reading
Recreation
Taiwan
cognitive function
reading
education
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1041-6102
1741-203X
1741-203X
DOI10.1017/S1041610220000812

Cover

Abstract ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels. DesignA longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up. SettingFace-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home. ParticipantsA representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years. MeasurementsBaseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels. ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.86), 10-year (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.92), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34–0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels. ConclusionsReading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.
AbstractList This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels. A longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up. Face-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home. A representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years. Baseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels. After adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.86), 10-year (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.92), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34–0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels. Reading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.
ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels. DesignA longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up. SettingFace-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home. ParticipantsA representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years. MeasurementsBaseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels. ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.86), 10-year (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.92), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34–0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels. ConclusionsReading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.
This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels.OBJECTIVEThis study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels.A longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up.DESIGNA longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up.Face-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home.SETTINGFace-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home.A representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years.PARTICIPANTSA representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years.Baseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels.MEASUREMENTSBaseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels.After adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-0.86), 10-year (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.92), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34-0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels.RESULTSAfter adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-0.86), 10-year (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.92), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34-0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels.Reading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.CONCLUSIONSReading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.
Objective:This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels.Design:A longitudinal study with 6-, 10-, and 14-year follow-up.Setting:Face-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires at home.Participants:A representative sample of 1,962 Taiwanese community-dwelling older persons aged 64 and above, followed up in four waves of surveys over 14 years.Measurements:Baseline reading frequencies were measured based on a scale of leisure activity. The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used to measure cognitive performance. We performed logistic regression to assess associations between baseline reading and later cognitive decline. Interaction terms between reading and education were to compare the reading effects on cognitive decline at different education levels.Results:After adjusting for covariates, those with higher reading frequencies (≥1 time a week) were less likely to have cognitive decline at 6-year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.86), 10-year (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.92), and 14-year (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34–0.86); in a 14-year follow-up, a reduced risk of cognitive decline was observed among older people with higher reading frequencies versus lower ones at all educational levels.Conclusions:Reading was protective of cognitive function in later life. Frequent reading activities were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline for older adults at all levels of education in the long term.
Author Chang, Yu-Hung
Hsiung, Chao A.
Wu, I-Chien
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Public Health, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
2 Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan , Taiwan
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Department of Public Health, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
– name: 2 Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan , Taiwan
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yu-Hung
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1484-4960
  surname: Chang
  fullname: Chang, Yu-Hung
  organization: 1Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
– sequence: 2
  givenname: I-Chien
  surname: Wu
  fullname: Wu, I-Chien
  organization: 2Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Chao A.
  surname: Hsiung
  fullname: Hsiung, Chao A.
  email: hsiung@nhri.org.tw
  organization: 2Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498728$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9UsuKFDEULWTEeegHuJGAGzelualUJa0wIIMvGBB8gLuQTm61GVNJm1Q19MJ_NzXdM44jTjYJueece-7juDoIMWBVPQb6HCiIF5-BcuiAMkbLkcDuVUcgONSMNt8OyruE6zl-WB3nfEEpaxvgD6rDhvGFFEweVb8-obYurIg2o9u4cUvWCTcYxkx8DKt6xDQQi8a7gMQFYuIquIJE0k-hUGKYf6O3mMga49rjS4IbZzGYAklxIJoAr7eo06WgG6eSTnuSy2P7sLrfa5_x0f4-qb6-ffPl7H19_vHdh7PX57VphRxrIbTkwDoOsOjpsm8WHRjUvBVUMIEWettLLoSRTBgtJIUl0EVLm8a0rRVdc1Kd7nTX03JAa0p9SXu1Tm7QaauidurvSHDf1SpulOSSNZcCz_YCKf6cMI9qcNmg9zpgnLJiHGjTlYS8QJ_egl7EKZWSC6plUoiOLURBPbnp6NrK1WQKQOwAJsWcE_bKuFHPDS8GnVdA1bwD6p8dKEy4xbwSv4vzasfBMoWNw6SycfMMrUtoRmWju5N9eos974sz2v_ALebr-kFlpugNAV6aJmAuttlb1sMyObvCP037f9rf_6zpIw
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1177_23337214221150061
crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci13030428
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19148711
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainres_2024_149262
crossref_primary_10_3390_su12177079
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_1152527
crossref_primary_10_3390_jintelligence13010004
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eclinm_2023_102224
crossref_primary_10_1111_hsc_13993
crossref_primary_10_3390_jpm11121366
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10389_023_02010_3
crossref_primary_10_56294_saludcyt20251184
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_024_03082_9
crossref_primary_10_1177_07334648241274532
crossref_primary_10_3389_fresc_2024_1377133
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exger_2023_112333
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12877_023_03927_w
crossref_primary_10_1111_1460_6984_12825
crossref_primary_10_1044_2021_AJSLP_21_00205
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1395877
crossref_primary_10_1017_S1041610220001246
crossref_primary_10_1080_03601277_2025_2458142
crossref_primary_10_3390_jal3020010
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_76180_9
crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_devpsych_121020_030017
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2022_797780
crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci14030230
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41539_022_00129_8
crossref_primary_10_1177_03057356241261371
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_poetic_2025_101984
crossref_primary_10_1080_21622965_2022_2026222
crossref_primary_10_1177_10443894241276891
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41155_022_00212_4
Cites_doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0066252
10.1093/aje/153.2.137
10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03521.x
10.1016/j.archger.2008.02.006
10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245
10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50259.x
10.1007/s11357-007-9044-x
10.1371/journal.pone.0038268
10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03491.x
10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826
10.7326/0003-4819-155-5-201109060-00007
10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.014
10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5
10.1002/gps.2478
10.1093/ageing/afp004
10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587
10.1212/01.wnl.0000202520.68987.48
10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50609.x
10.1212/WNL.0b013e318227b227
10.1080/01621459.1995.10476615
10.1016/S1543-5946(03)80011-9
10.1093/geronb/63.2.S73
10.1093/ageing/afx018
10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.002
10.1093/gerona/60.3.380
10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a2fd07
10.1002/gps.2422
10.1097/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43
10.1002/gps.3946
10.1186/1471-2458-11-22
10.3233/JAD-2012-120847
10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ab8b62
10.3233/JAD-2010-101836
10.1016/j.jamda.2016.10.003
10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60248-3
10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2
10.1093/geront/37.4.433
10.1212/WNL.0000000000007036
10.1017/S0033291799002834
10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08f1b
10.3233/JAD-170248
10.1076/anec.10.3.215.16451
10.1016/S0167-4943(10)70014-5
10.1093/geronb/61.5.P253
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0657
10.1016/j.archger.2011.06.014
10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.020
10.1212/01.WNL.0000036905.59156.A1
10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016
10.1002/pds.952
10.1159/000455227
10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.423
10.1017/S1041610214002749
10.1159/000084557
10.1093/ije/dyi049
10.1017/S1355617706060073
10.1159/000085068
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright International Psychogeriatric Association 2020
2020 International Psychogeriatric Association 2020
International Psychogeriatric Association 2020. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the associated terms available at: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/reusing-open-access-and-sage-choice-content
International Psychogeriatric Association 2020 2020 International Psychogeriatric Association
Copyright_xml – notice: International Psychogeriatric Association 2020
– notice: 2020 International Psychogeriatric Association 2020
– notice: International Psychogeriatric Association 2020. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the associated terms available at: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/reusing-open-access-and-sage-choice-content
– notice: International Psychogeriatric Association 2020 2020 International Psychogeriatric Association
DBID IKXGN
6I.
AAFTH
AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
0-V
3V.
7QJ
7RV
7X7
7XB
88E
88G
88J
8FI
8FJ
8FK
8G5
ABUWG
AFKRA
ALSLI
AN0
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
GUQSH
HEHIP
K9.
KB0
M0S
M1P
M2M
M2O
M2R
M2S
MBDVC
NAPCQ
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PKEHL
POGQB
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRQQA
PSYQQ
Q9U
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1017/S1041610220000812
DatabaseName Cambridge Core Journals
ScienceDirect Open Access Titles
Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access
CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)
Nursing & Allied Health Database
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
Psychology Database (Alumni)
Social Science Database (Alumni Edition)
Hospital Premium Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
Social Science Premium Collection
British Nursing Database
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest One
ProQuest Central Korea
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Research Library
Sociology Collection
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database ProQuest
Psychology Database
Research Library
Social Science Database
Sociology Database
Research Library (Corporate)
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Social Sciences
ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Central Basic
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
ProQuest One Psychology
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Social Science Journals (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
Sociology & Social Sciences Collection
Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA)
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Sociology Collection
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Sociology
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
Social Science Premium Collection
ProQuest One Social Sciences
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
British Nursing Index with Full Text
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Sociology Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Social Science Journals
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest Psychology Journals
ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
MEDLINE

MEDLINE - Academic
ProQuest One Psychology
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: IKXGN
  name: Cambridge Core Journals
  url: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/login
  sourceTypes: Publisher
– sequence: 4
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Education
EISSN 1741-203X
EndPage 74
ExternalDocumentID PMC8482376
32498728
10_1017_S1041610220000812
S1041610224036718
1_s2_0_S1041610224036718
Genre Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
GeographicLocations Taiwan
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Taiwan
GroupedDBID ---
-E.
.FH
0-V
09C
09E
0E1
0R~
29J
3V.
4.4
53G
5GY
5VS
74X
74Y
7RV
7X7
7~V
88E
8FI
8FJ
8G5
8R4
8R5
AAAZR
AABES
AABWE
AACJH
AAEED
AAGFV
AAKTX
AANRG
AARAB
AASVR
AAUKB
AAWTL
ABBXD
ABBZL
ABITZ
ABIVO
ABJNI
ABKKG
ABMWE
ABMYL
ABQTM
ABQWD
ABROB
ABTCQ
ABUWG
ABWCF
ABXAU
ABZCX
ACBMC
ACCHT
ACGFS
ACHQT
ACIMK
ACQFJ
ACREK
ACUIJ
ACUYZ
ACWGA
ACYZP
ACZBM
ACZUX
ACZWT
ADAZD
ADBBV
ADDNB
ADFEC
ADGEJ
ADKIL
ADOCW
ADOVH
ADVJH
AEBAK
AEBPU
AEHGV
AEMTW
AENCP
AENEX
AENGE
AEYHU
AEYYC
AFFUJ
AFKQG
AFKRA
AFKSM
AFLOS
AFLVW
AFUTZ
AGABE
AGJUD
AGOOT
AHIPN
AHLTW
AHMBA
AHQXX
AHRGI
AIGNW
AIHIV
AIOIP
AISIE
AJ7
AJCYY
AJPFC
AJQAS
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALSLI
ALVPG
ALWZO
AN0
ANPSP
AQJOH
ARABE
ARALO
ARZZG
ATUCA
AUXHV
AYIQA
AZGZS
AZQEC
BBLKV
BCGOX
BENPR
BESQT
BGHMG
BKEYQ
BLZWO
BMAJL
BNQBC
BPHCQ
BRIRG
BVXVI
C0O
CAG
CBIIA
CCPQU
CCQAD
CCUQV
CFAFE
CFBFF
CGQII
CHEAL
CJCSC
COF
CS3
DC4
DOHLZ
DU5
DWQXO
EBS
EGQIC
EJD
EX3
FYUFA
GNUQQ
GUQSH
HEHIP
HG-
HMCUK
HST
HZ~
H~O
I.6
IH6
IKXGN
IOEEP
IOO
IS6
I~P
J36
J38
J3A
JHPGK
JQKCU
JVRFK
KCGVB
KFECR
L98
LW7
M-V
M1P
M2M
M2O
M2R
M2S
NAPCQ
NIKVX
NZEOI
O9-
OYBOY
P2P
PCD
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
PSYQQ
Q2X
RAMDC
RCA
RIG
ROL
RR0
S6-
S6U
SAAAG
SY4
T9M
UKHRP
UT1
UU6
WFFJZ
WOW
WQ3
WXU
WXY
WYP
ZMEZD
ZYDXJ
AALRI
AAXUO
ABVKB
ABVZP
ACQPF
ALIPV
FDB
M41
6I.
AAFTH
.1-
.FO
AAFWJ
AAYWO
AAYXX
ABGDZ
ACVFH
ADCNI
AEUPX
AFPKN
AFPUW
AFRHN
AIGII
AJUYK
AKBMS
AKYEP
CITATION
GROUPED_DOAJ
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
POGQB
PPXIY
PRQQA
Z5R
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7QJ
7XB
8FK
K9.
MBDVC
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
Q9U
7X8
PUEGO
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c578t-77a841264119f0bf3961cea4570727ed1fdf8477c827ca7801b1095033c55d763
IEDL.DBID 7X7
ISSN 1041-6102
1741-203X
IngestDate Thu Aug 21 14:11:28 EDT 2025
Fri Sep 05 13:10:33 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 21:23:37 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 06:02:54 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 14 00:20:42 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:50:40 EDT 2025
Sat Jan 11 15:47:55 EST 2025
Mon Feb 24 20:05:21 EST 2025
Wed Mar 13 05:57:03 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Keywords cognitive function
reading
education
Language English
License This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c578t-77a841264119f0bf3961cea4570727ed1fdf8477c827ca7801b1095033c55d763
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0003-1484-4960
OpenAccessLink https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1041610220000812/type/journal_article
PMID 32498728
PQID 2528776297
PQPubID 31252
PageCount 12
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8482376
proquest_miscellaneous_2410360334
proquest_journals_2528776297
pubmed_primary_32498728
crossref_citationtrail_10_1017_S1041610220000812
crossref_primary_10_1017_S1041610220000812
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1017_S1041610220000812
elsevier_clinicalkeyesjournals_1_s2_0_S1041610224036718
cambridge_journals_10_1017_S1041610220000812
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2021-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2021
  text: 2021-01-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Cambridge, UK
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cambridge, UK
– name: United States
– name: Cambridge
PublicationTitle International psychogeriatrics
PublicationTitleAlternate Int. Psychogeriatr
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher Cambridge University Press
Elsevier Inc
Publisher_xml – name: Cambridge University Press
– name: Elsevier Inc
References 2013; 29
2017; 6
2009; 47
2002; 59
2019; 92
2013; 28
2002; 50
2010; 18
2017; 43
2015; 386
2017; 46
2005; 20
2011; 11
2011; 59
2005; 60
2008; 30
2013; 8
2012; 54
2009; 48
2003; 10
2011; 155
2006; 61
2010; 1
2010; 25
2006; 66
1999; 14
2011; 24
2008; 63
2011; 26
2003; 1
2018; 75
2005; 34
2006; 367
2009; 17
1995; 90
2006; 12
2015; 11
2011; 77
2005
2016; 164
2012; 32
2005; 19
2015; 27
2001; 153
2017; 59
1997; 37
2004; 15
2017; 57
2004; 13
2018; 90
2013; 81
2018; 52
2017; 18
2012; 7
2009; 38
2001; 31
1994; 10
2010; 50
2005; 58
Fox (bb0065) 2011; 59
Baumgart, Snyder, Carrillo, Fazio, Kim, Johns (bb0015) 2015; 11
Lovden, Ghisletta, Lindenberger (bb0200) 2005; 20
Rowe, Kahn (bb0265) 1997; 37
Gray, Hanlon, Landerman, Artz, Schmader, Fillenbaum (bb0090) 2003; 1
Kawashima (bb0135) 2005; 60
Lachman, Agrigoroaei, Murphy, Tun (bb0145) 2010; 18
Lopes, Ferrioli, Nakano, Litvoc, Bottino (bb0195) 2012; 32
Hsiao, Chiu, Liu (bb0115) 1994; 10
Anstey, Mack, Cherbuin (bb0010) 2009; 17
Ghisletta, Bickel, Lovden (bb0080) 2006; 61
Muniz-Terrera, Matthews, Dening, Huppert, Brayne (bb0225) 2009; 38
Richards, Deary (bb0255) 2010; 1
Yen (bb0330) 2010; 50
Gauthier (bb0075) 2006; 367
Comijs, Dik, Aartsen, Deeg, Jonker (bb0040) 2005; 19
Bavishi, Slade, Levy (bb0020) 2016; 164
Leung (bb0170) 2011; 26
Directorate-General of Budget (bb0050) 2005
Prince, M. J. (2015). World Alzheimer Report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends: Alzheimer’s Disease International.
Litwin, Schwartz, Damri (bb0190) 2017; 57
Lee, Richards, Chan, Chiu, Lee, Lam (bb0160) 2018; 75
Ma, Wong, Leung, Fung, Chan, Lam (bb0205) 2017; 18
Hanlon, Landerman, Artz, Gray, Fillenbaum, Schmader (bb0095) 2004; 13
Jacobs, Hammerman-Rozenberg, Cohen, Stessman (bb0125) 2008; 63
Little (bb0185) 1995; 90
Wilson (bb0305) 2002; 59
Johnson, Flicker, Lichtenberg (bb0130) 2006; 12
Verghese (bb0300) 2006; 66
Lee, Richards, Chan, Chiu, Lee, Lam (bb0155) 2017; 46
Debette (bb0045) 2011; 77
Farfel (bb0055) 2013; 81
Stern (bb0285) 2009; 47
Sachs (bb0270) 2011; 155
Meng, D’Arcy (bb0220) 2012; 7
Hedeker, Gibbons (bb0105) 2006
Potvin, Forget, Grenier, Préville, Hudon (bb0245) 2011; 59
Lee (bb0165) 2012; 54
World Health Organization (bb0315) 2002
Wu, Lan, Chen, Chiu, Lan (bb0320) 2011; 11
Kelly (bb0140) 2017; 6
Palmer (bb0235) 2011; 24
Uchida, Kawashima (bb0295) 2008; 30
Petersen (bb0240) 2018; 90
Northey, Cherbuin, Pumpa, Smee, Rattray (bb0230) 2018; 52
Lara, Koyanagi, Domènech-Abella, Miret, Ayuso-Mateos, Haro (bb0150) 2017; 43
Mackinnon, Christensen, Hofer, Korten, Jorm (bb0210) 2003; 10
Liao (bb0175) 2005; 20
Christensen, Hofer, Mackinnon, Korten, Jorm, Henderson (bb0035) 2001; 31
Gallucci (bb0070) 2009; 48
Wilson, Yu, Lamar, Schneider, Boyle, Bennett (bb0310) 2019; 92
Black, Rush (bb0025) 2002; 50
Harada, Love, Triebel (bb0100) 2013; 29
St. John, Montgomery (bb0280) 2010; 25
Wu (bb0325) 2013; 8
Hernan, Hernandez-Diaz, Robins (bb0110) 2004; 15
Hultsch, Hertzog, Small, Dixon (bb0120) 1999; 14
Boss, Kang, Branson (bb0030) 2015; 27
Lindstrom (bb0180) 2005; 58
Rossor, Knapp (bb0260) 2015; 386
Solfrizzi (bb0275) 2017; 59
Fillenbaum, Hanlon, Landerman, Schmader (bb0060) 2001; 153
Mehta, Yaffe, Covinsky (bb0215) 2002; 50
Glei, Landau, Goldman, Chuang, Rodriguez, Weinstein (bb0085) 2005; 34
Todd, Barr, Roberts, Passmore (bb0290) 2013; 28
Wilson (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0305) 2002; 59
Debette (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0045) 2011; 77
Mehta (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0215) 2002; 50
Verghese (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0300) 2006; 66
10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0250
Hultsch (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0120) 1999; 14
Jacobs (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0125) 2008; 63
Baumgart (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0015) 2015; 11
Todd (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0290) 2013; 28
Harada (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0100) 2013; 29
Hernan (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0110) 2004; 15
Rossor (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0260) 2015; 386
Lovden (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0200) 2005; 20
Ghisletta (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0080) 2006; 61
Gray (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0090) 2003; 1
Hedeker (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0105) 2006
Sachs (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0270) 2011; 155
World Health Organization (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0315) 2002
Stern (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0285) 2009; 47
Kawashima (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0135) 2005; 60
Palmer (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0235) 2011; 24
Christensen (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0035) 2001; 31
Glei (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0085) 2005; 34
Wilson (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0310) 2019; 92
Petersen (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0240) 2018; 90
Uchida (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0295) 2008; 30
Black (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0025) 2002; 50
Little (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0185) 1995; 90
Lara (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0150) 2017; 43
Farfel (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0055) 2013; 81
Mackinnon (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0210) 2003; 10
Anstey (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0010) 2009; 17
Yen (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0330) 2010; 50
Gallucci (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0070) 2009; 48
Liao (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0175) 2005; 20
Lee (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0155) 2017; 46
Kelly (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0140) 2017; 6
Bavishi (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0020) 2016; 164
Solfrizzi (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0275) 2017; 59
Lindstrom (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0180) 2005; 58
Potvin (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0245) 2011; 59
Lee (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0165) 2012; 54
Wu (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0320) 2011; 11
Ma (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0205) 2017; 18
Boss (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0030) 2015; 27
Johnson (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0130) 2006; 12
Litwin (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0190) 2017; 57
Meng (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0220) 2012; 7
Fillenbaum (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0060) 2001; 153
Leung (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0170) 2011; 26
Hanlon (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0095) 2004; 13
Northey (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0230) 2018; 52
Muniz-Terrera (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0225) 2009; 38
Comijs (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0040) 2005; 19
Gauthier (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0075) 2006; 367
Lopes (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0195) 2012; 32
Fox (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0065) 2011; 59
Rowe (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0265) 1997; 37
Directorate-General of Budget (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0050) 2005
Lee (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0160) 2018; 75
Lachman (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0145) 2010; 18
St. John (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0280) 2010; 25
Hsiao (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0115) 1994; 10
Richards (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0255) 2010; 1
Wu (10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0325) 2013; 8
33543693 - Int Psychogeriatr. 2021 Jan;33(1):15-17. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220001246.
References_xml – volume: 29
  start-page: 737
  year: 2013
  end-page: 752
  article-title: Normal cognitive aging
  publication-title: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
– volume: 26
  start-page: 39
  year: 2011
  end-page: 47
  article-title: Examining the association between late-life leisure activity participation and global cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly Chinese in Hong Kong
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1421
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1428
  article-title: Anxiety, depression, and 1-year incident cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 38
  start-page: 277
  year: 2009
  end-page: 282
  article-title: Education and trajectories of cognitive decline over 9 years in very old people: methods and risk analysis
  publication-title: Age Ageing
– volume: 11
  start-page: 22
  year: 2011
  article-title: Socio-demographic and health-related factors associated with cognitive impairment in the elderly in Taiwan
  publication-title: BMC Public Health
– volume: 27
  start-page: 541
  year: 2015
  end-page: 553
  article-title: Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: a systematic review
  publication-title: International Psychogeriatrics
– volume: 32
  start-page: 307
  year: 2012
  end-page: 316
  article-title: High prevalence of dementia in a community-based survey of older people from Brazil: association with intellectual activity rather than education
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
– volume: 47
  start-page: 2015
  year: 2009
  end-page: 2028
  article-title: Cognitive reserve
  publication-title: Neuropsychologia
– volume: 28
  start-page: 1109
  year: 2013
  end-page: 1124
  article-title: Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 60
  start-page: 380
  year: 2005
  end-page: 384
  article-title: Reading aloud and arithmetic calculation improve frontal function of people with dementia
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
– volume: 37
  start-page: 433
  year: 1997
  end-page: 440
  article-title: Successful aging
  publication-title: The Gerontologist
– volume: 66
  start-page: 821
  year: 2006
  end-page: 827
  article-title: Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly
  publication-title: Neurology
– year: (2005)
  article-title: Survey on Social Development Trends, 2004 (AA200007) [data file]. Available from Survey Research Data Archive
  publication-title: Academia Sinica
– volume: 75
  start-page: 697
  year: 2018
  end-page: 703
  article-title: Association of daily intellectual activities with lower risk of incident dementia among older Chinese adults
  publication-title: JAMA Psychiatry
– volume: 7
  start-page: e38268
  year: 2012
  article-title: Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses
  publication-title: PLoS One
– volume: 34
  start-page: 864
  year: 2005
  end-page: 871
  article-title: Participating in social activities helps preserve cognitive function: an analysis of a longitudinal, population-based study of the elderly
  publication-title: International Journal of Epidemiology
– volume: 11
  start-page: 718
  year: 2015
  end-page: 726
  article-title: Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective
  publication-title: Alzheimer’s & Dementia
– volume: 63
  start-page: S73
  year: 2008
  end-page: S80
  article-title: Reading daily predicts reduced mortality among men from a cohort of community-dwelling 70-year-olds
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
– volume: 81
  start-page: 650
  year: 2013
  end-page: 657
  article-title: Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve A clinicopathologic study
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 48
  start-page: 284
  year: 2009
  end-page: 286
  article-title: Physical activity, socialization and reading in the elderly over the age of seventy: what is the relation with cognitive decline? Evidence from “The Treviso Longeva (TRELONG) study”
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
– volume: 43
  start-page: 155
  year: 2017
  end-page: 169
  article-title: The impact of depression on the development of mild cognitive impairment over 3 years of follow-up: a population-based study
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
– volume: 30
  start-page: 21
  year: 2008
  end-page: 29
  article-title: Reading and solving arithmetic problems improves cognitive functions of normal aged people: a randomized controlled study
  publication-title: Age (Dordr)
– volume: 13
  start-page: 781
  year: 2004
  end-page: 787
  article-title: Histamine2 receptor antagonist use and decline in cognitive function among community dwelling elderly
  publication-title: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
– volume: 164
  start-page: 44
  year: 2016
  end-page: 48
  article-title: A chapter a day: association of book reading with longevity
  publication-title: Social Science & Medicine
– volume: 12
  start-page: 64
  year: 2006
  end-page: 71
  article-title: Reading ability mediates the relationship between education and executive function tasks
  publication-title: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
– volume: 24
  start-page: 35
  year: 2011
  end-page: 45
  article-title: Predicting disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease: the role of neuropsychiatric syndromes on functional and cognitive decline
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
– volume: 10
  start-page: 449
  year: 1994
  end-page: 457
  article-title: A replication of multidimensionality of Activities of Daily Living (ADL): on the elderly in Southern Taiwan
  publication-title: Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi= The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
– volume: 90
  start-page: 1112
  year: 1995
  end-page: 1121
  article-title: Modeling the drop-out mechanism in repeated-measures studies
  publication-title: Journal of the American Statistical Association
– volume: 18
  start-page: 306
  year: 2017
  end-page: 311
  article-title: Physical exercise helped to maintain and restore functioning in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 5-year prospective study of the Hong Kong Memory and Ageing Prospective Study (HK-MAPS)
  publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
– volume: 17
  start-page: 542
  year: 2009
  end-page: 555
  article-title: Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1910
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1914
  article-title: Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 50
  start-page: S53
  issue: Suppl. 1
  year: 2010
  end-page: 57
  article-title: Determinants of cognitive impairment over time among the elderly in Taiwan: results of the national longitudinal study
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics,
– volume: 61
  start-page: P253
  year: 2006
  end-page: P261
  article-title: Does activity engagement protect against cognitive decline in old age? Methodological and analytical considerations
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
– volume: 14
  start-page: 245
  year: 1999
  end-page: 263
  article-title: Use it or lose it: engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?
  publication-title: Psychology and Aging
– volume: 58
  start-page: 157
  year: 2005
  end-page: 165
  article-title: The relationships between television viewing in midlife and the development of Alzheimer’s disease in a case-control study
  publication-title: Brain and Cognition
– volume: 8
  start-page: e66252
  year: 2013
  article-title: Prevalence studies of dementia in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: PLoS One
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1045
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1050
  article-title: Cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, and functional decline in older people
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1978
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1986
  article-title: Cognitive and functional decline in adults aged 75 and older
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 6
  start-page: 259
  year: 2017
  article-title: The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review
  publication-title: Systematic Reviews
– volume: 59
  start-page: 815
  year: 2017
  end-page: 849
  article-title: Relationships of dietary patterns, foods, and micro-and macronutrients with Alzheimer’s disease and late-life cognitive disorders: a systematic review
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
– volume: 92
  start-page: e1041
  year: 2019
  end-page: e1050
  article-title: Education and cognitive reserve in old age
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 20
  start-page: 8
  year: 2005
  end-page: 14
  article-title: Cognitive reserve: a SPECT study of 132 Alzheimer’s disease patients with an education range of 0–19 years
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
– volume: 31
  start-page: 15
  year: 2001
  end-page: 28
  article-title: Age is no kinder to the better educated: absence of an association investigated using latent growth techniques in a community sample
  publication-title: Psychological Medicine
– volume: 1
  start-page: 3
  year: 2003
  end-page: 10
  article-title: Is antioxidant use protective of cognitive function in the community-dwelling elderly?
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
– volume: 19
  start-page: 316
  year: 2005
  end-page: 323
  article-title: The impact of change in cognitive functioning and cognitive decline on disability, well-being, and the use of healthcare services in older persons
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
– volume: 155
  start-page: 300
  year: 2011
  end-page: 308
  article-title: Cognitive impairment: an independent predictor of excess mortality: a cohort study
  publication-title: Annals of Internal Medicine
– volume: 153
  start-page: 137
  year: 2001
  end-page: 144
  article-title: Impact of estrogen use on decline in cognitive function in a representative sample of older community-resident women
  publication-title: American Journal of Epidemiology
– volume: 10
  start-page: 215
  year: 2003
  end-page: 229
  article-title: Use it and still lose it? The association between activity and cognitive performance established using latent growth techniques in a community sample
  publication-title: Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
– volume: 1
  start-page: 197
  year: 2010
  end-page: 200
  article-title: Cognitive capital in the British birth cohorts: an introduction
  publication-title: Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
– volume: 54
  start-page: e221
  year: 2012
  end-page: 229
  article-title: Leisure activity, mobility limitation and stress as modifiable risk factors for depressive symptoms in the elderly: results of a national longitudinal study
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
– volume: 77
  start-page: 461
  year: 2011
  end-page: 468
  article-title: Midlife vascular risk factor exposure accelerates structural brain aging and cognitive decline
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 90
  start-page: 126
  year: 2018
  end-page: 135
  article-title: Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment. Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 57
  start-page: 940
  year: 2017
  end-page: 948
  article-title: Cognitively stimulating leisure activity and subsequent cognitive function: a SHARE-based analysis
  publication-title: The Gerontologist
– volume: 386
  start-page: 1008
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1010
  article-title: Can we model a cognitive footprint of interventions and policies to help to meet the global challenge of dementia?
  publication-title: The Lancet
– volume: 25
  start-page: 814
  year: 2010
  end-page: 821
  article-title: Cognitive impairment and life satisfaction in older adults
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 46
  start-page: 773
  year: 2017
  end-page: 779
  article-title: Lower risk of incident dementia among Chinese older adults having three servings of vegetables and two servings of fruits a day
  publication-title: Age and Ageing
– volume: 52
  start-page: 154
  year: 2018
  end-page: 160
  article-title: Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis
  publication-title: British Journal of Sports Medicine
– volume: 367
  start-page: 1262
  year: 2006
  end-page: 1270
  article-title: Mild cognitive impairment
  publication-title: The Lancet
– volume: 18
  start-page: 4
  year: 2010
  end-page: 10
  article-title: Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 15
  start-page: 615
  year: 2004
  end-page: 625
  article-title: A structural approach to selection bias
  publication-title: Epidemiology
– volume: 20
  start-page: 423
  year: 2005
  end-page: 434
  article-title: Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age
  publication-title: Psychology and Aging
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1477
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1483
  article-title: Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 63
  start-page: S73
  year: 2008
  end-page: S80
  ident: bb0125
  article-title: Reading daily predicts reduced mortality among men from a cohort of community-dwelling 70-year-olds
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1910
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1914
  ident: bb0305
  article-title: Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 367
  start-page: 1262
  year: 2006
  end-page: 1270
  ident: bb0075
  article-title: Mild cognitive impairment
  publication-title: The Lancet
– volume: 58
  start-page: 157
  year: 2005
  end-page: 165
  ident: bb0180
  article-title: The relationships between television viewing in midlife and the development of Alzheimer’s disease in a case-control study
  publication-title: Brain and Cognition
– volume: 1
  start-page: 3
  year: 2003
  end-page: 10
  ident: bb0090
  article-title: Is antioxidant use protective of cognitive function in the community-dwelling elderly?
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
– volume: 15
  start-page: 615
  year: 2004
  end-page: 625
  ident: bb0110
  article-title: A structural approach to selection bias
  publication-title: Epidemiology
– volume: 20
  start-page: 423
  year: 2005
  end-page: 434
  ident: bb0200
  article-title: Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age
  publication-title: Psychology and Aging
– year: 2002
  ident: bb0315
– volume: 7
  start-page: e38268
  year: 2012
  ident: bb0220
  article-title: Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses
  publication-title: PLoS One
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1421
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1428
  ident: bb0245
  article-title: Anxiety, depression, and 1-year incident cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 20
  start-page: 8
  year: 2005
  end-page: 14
  ident: bb0175
  article-title: Cognitive reserve: a SPECT study of 132 Alzheimer’s disease patients with an education range of 0–19 years
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
– volume: 386
  start-page: 1008
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1010
  ident: bb0260
  article-title: Can we model a cognitive footprint of interventions and policies to help to meet the global challenge of dementia?
  publication-title: The Lancet
– volume: 10
  start-page: 215
  year: 2003
  end-page: 229
  ident: bb0210
  article-title: Use it and still lose it? The association between activity and cognitive performance established using latent growth techniques in a community sample
  publication-title: Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
– volume: 52
  start-page: 154
  year: 2018
  end-page: 160
  ident: bb0230
  article-title: Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis
  publication-title: British Journal of Sports Medicine
– volume: 164
  start-page: 44
  year: 2016
  end-page: 48
  ident: bb0020
  article-title: A chapter a day: association of book reading with longevity
  publication-title: Social Science & Medicine
– volume: 34
  start-page: 864
  year: 2005
  end-page: 871
  ident: bb0085
  article-title: Participating in social activities helps preserve cognitive function: an analysis of a longitudinal, population-based study of the elderly
  publication-title: International Journal of Epidemiology
– volume: 10
  start-page: 449
  year: 1994
  end-page: 457
  ident: bb0115
  article-title: A replication of multidimensionality of Activities of Daily Living (ADL): on the elderly in Southern Taiwan
  publication-title: Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi= The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
– volume: 13
  start-page: 781
  year: 2004
  end-page: 787
  ident: bb0095
  article-title: Histamine2 receptor antagonist use and decline in cognitive function among community dwelling elderly
  publication-title: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
– volume: 38
  start-page: 277
  year: 2009
  end-page: 282
  ident: bb0225
  article-title: Education and trajectories of cognitive decline over 9 years in very old people: methods and risk analysis
  publication-title: Age Ageing
– volume: 77
  start-page: 461
  year: 2011
  end-page: 468
  ident: bb0045
  article-title: Midlife vascular risk factor exposure accelerates structural brain aging and cognitive decline
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 61
  start-page: P253
  year: 2006
  end-page: P261
  ident: bb0080
  article-title: Does activity engagement protect against cognitive decline in old age? Methodological and analytical considerations
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
– volume: 153
  start-page: 137
  year: 2001
  end-page: 144
  ident: bb0060
  article-title: Impact of estrogen use on decline in cognitive function in a representative sample of older community-resident women
  publication-title: American Journal of Epidemiology
– volume: 17
  start-page: 542
  year: 2009
  end-page: 555
  ident: bb0010
  article-title: Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 92
  start-page: e1041
  year: 2019
  end-page: e1050
  ident: bb0310
  article-title: Education and cognitive reserve in old age
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 59
  start-page: 815
  year: 2017
  end-page: 849
  ident: bb0275
  article-title: Relationships of dietary patterns, foods, and micro-and macronutrients with Alzheimer’s disease and late-life cognitive disorders: a systematic review
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
– volume: 54
  start-page: e221
  year: 2012
  end-page: 229
  ident: bb0165
  article-title: Leisure activity, mobility limitation and stress as modifiable risk factors for depressive symptoms in the elderly: results of a national longitudinal study
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1978
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1986
  ident: bb0025
  article-title: Cognitive and functional decline in adults aged 75 and older
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 14
  start-page: 245
  year: 1999
  end-page: 263
  ident: bb0120
  article-title: Use it or lose it: engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?
  publication-title: Psychology and Aging
– reference: Prince, M. J. (2015). World Alzheimer Report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends: Alzheimer’s Disease International.
– volume: 19
  start-page: 316
  year: 2005
  end-page: 323
  ident: bb0040
  article-title: The impact of change in cognitive functioning and cognitive decline on disability, well-being, and the use of healthcare services in older persons
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
– volume: 60
  start-page: 380
  year: 2005
  end-page: 384
  ident: bb0135
  article-title: Reading aloud and arithmetic calculation improve frontal function of people with dementia
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
– volume: 18
  start-page: 4
  year: 2010
  end-page: 10
  ident: bb0145
  article-title: Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 46
  start-page: 773
  year: 2017
  end-page: 779
  ident: bb0155
  article-title: Lower risk of incident dementia among Chinese older adults having three servings of vegetables and two servings of fruits a day
  publication-title: Age and Ageing
– volume: 75
  start-page: 697
  year: 2018
  end-page: 703
  ident: bb0160
  article-title: Association of daily intellectual activities with lower risk of incident dementia among older Chinese adults
  publication-title: JAMA Psychiatry
– volume: 26
  start-page: 39
  year: 2011
  end-page: 47
  ident: bb0170
  article-title: Examining the association between late-life leisure activity participation and global cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly Chinese in Hong Kong
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 6
  start-page: 259
  year: 2017
  ident: bb0140
  article-title: The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review
  publication-title: Systematic Reviews
– volume: 1
  start-page: 197
  year: 2010
  end-page: 200
  ident: bb0255
  article-title: Cognitive capital in the British birth cohorts: an introduction
  publication-title: Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
– volume: 43
  start-page: 155
  year: 2017
  end-page: 169
  ident: bb0150
  article-title: The impact of depression on the development of mild cognitive impairment over 3 years of follow-up: a population-based study
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
– volume: 11
  start-page: 718
  year: 2015
  end-page: 726
  ident: bb0015
  article-title: Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective
  publication-title: Alzheimer’s & Dementia
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1045
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1050
  ident: bb0215
  article-title: Cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, and functional decline in older people
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 90
  start-page: 1112
  year: 1995
  end-page: 1121
  ident: bb0185
  article-title: Modeling the drop-out mechanism in repeated-measures studies
  publication-title: Journal of the American Statistical Association
– volume: 32
  start-page: 307
  year: 2012
  end-page: 316
  ident: bb0195
  article-title: High prevalence of dementia in a community-based survey of older people from Brazil: association with intellectual activity rather than education
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
– volume: 27
  start-page: 541
  year: 2015
  end-page: 553
  ident: bb0030
  article-title: Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: a systematic review
  publication-title: International Psychogeriatrics
– volume: 57
  start-page: 940
  year: 2017
  end-page: 948
  ident: bb0190
  article-title: Cognitively stimulating leisure activity and subsequent cognitive function: a SHARE-based analysis
  publication-title: The Gerontologist
– volume: 24
  start-page: 35
  year: 2011
  end-page: 45
  ident: bb0235
  article-title: Predicting disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease: the role of neuropsychiatric syndromes on functional and cognitive decline
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1477
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1483
  ident: bb0065
  article-title: Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
– volume: 48
  start-page: 284
  year: 2009
  end-page: 286
  ident: bb0070
  article-title: Physical activity, socialization and reading in the elderly over the age of seventy: what is the relation with cognitive decline? Evidence from “The Treviso Longeva (TRELONG) study”
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
– volume: 90
  start-page: 126
  year: 2018
  end-page: 135
  ident: bb0240
  article-title: Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment. Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 81
  start-page: 650
  year: 2013
  end-page: 657
  ident: bb0055
  article-title: Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve A clinicopathologic study
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 155
  start-page: 300
  year: 2011
  end-page: 308
  ident: bb0270
  article-title: Cognitive impairment: an independent predictor of excess mortality: a cohort study
  publication-title: Annals of Internal Medicine
– year: 2005
  ident: bb0050
  article-title: Survey on Social Development Trends, 2004 (AA200007) [data file]. Available from Survey Research Data Archive
  publication-title: Academia Sinica
– volume: 30
  start-page: 21
  year: 2008
  end-page: 29
  ident: bb0295
  article-title: Reading and solving arithmetic problems improves cognitive functions of normal aged people: a randomized controlled study
  publication-title: Age (Dordr)
– volume: 50
  start-page: S53
  year: 2010
  end-page: 57
  ident: bb0330
  article-title: Determinants of cognitive impairment over time among the elderly in Taiwan: results of the national longitudinal study
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics,
– volume: 18
  start-page: 306
  year: 2017
  end-page: 311
  ident: bb0205
  article-title: Physical exercise helped to maintain and restore functioning in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 5-year prospective study of the Hong Kong Memory and Ageing Prospective Study (HK-MAPS)
  publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
– volume: 66
  start-page: 821
  year: 2006
  end-page: 827
  ident: bb0300
  article-title: Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly
  publication-title: Neurology
– volume: 12
  start-page: 64
  year: 2006
  end-page: 71
  ident: bb0130
  article-title: Reading ability mediates the relationship between education and executive function tasks
  publication-title: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
– volume: 31
  start-page: 15
  year: 2001
  end-page: 28
  ident: bb0035
  article-title: Age is no kinder to the better educated: absence of an association investigated using latent growth techniques in a community sample
  publication-title: Psychological Medicine
– volume: 28
  start-page: 1109
  year: 2013
  end-page: 1124
  ident: bb0290
  article-title: Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 11
  start-page: 22
  year: 2011
  ident: bb0320
  article-title: Socio-demographic and health-related factors associated with cognitive impairment in the elderly in Taiwan
  publication-title: BMC Public Health
– year: 2006
  ident: bb0105
  article-title: Longitudinal data analysis
– volume: 29
  start-page: 737
  year: 2013
  end-page: 752
  ident: bb0100
  article-title: Normal cognitive aging
  publication-title: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
– volume: 25
  start-page: 814
  year: 2010
  end-page: 821
  ident: bb0280
  article-title: Cognitive impairment and life satisfaction in older adults
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
– volume: 37
  start-page: 433
  year: 1997
  end-page: 440
  ident: bb0265
  article-title: Successful aging
  publication-title: The Gerontologist
– volume: 8
  start-page: e66252
  year: 2013
  ident: bb0325
  article-title: Prevalence studies of dementia in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: PLoS One
– volume: 47
  start-page: 2015
  year: 2009
  end-page: 2028
  ident: bb0285
  article-title: Cognitive reserve
  publication-title: Neuropsychologia
– volume: 8
  start-page: e66252
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0325
  article-title: Prevalence studies of dementia in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066252
– volume: 153
  start-page: 137
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0060
  article-title: Impact of estrogen use on decline in cognitive function in a representative sample of older community-resident women
  publication-title: American Journal of Epidemiology
  doi: 10.1093/aje/153.2.137
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1421
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0245
  article-title: Anxiety, depression, and 1-year incident cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
  doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03521.x
– volume: 48
  start-page: 284
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0070
  article-title: Physical activity, socialization and reading in the elderly over the age of seventy: what is the relation with cognitive decline? Evidence from “The Treviso Longeva (TRELONG) study”
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
  doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2008.02.006
– volume: 14
  start-page: 245
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0120
  article-title: Use it or lose it: engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?
  publication-title: Psychology and Aging
  doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1045
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0215
  article-title: Cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, and functional decline in older people
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
  doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50259.x
– volume: 30
  start-page: 21
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0295
  article-title: Reading and solving arithmetic problems improves cognitive functions of normal aged people: a randomized controlled study
  publication-title: Age (Dordr)
  doi: 10.1007/s11357-007-9044-x
– volume: 7
  start-page: e38268
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0220
  article-title: Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses
  publication-title: PLoS One
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038268
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1477
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0065
  article-title: Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
  doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03491.x
– volume: 90
  start-page: 126
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0240
  article-title: Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment. Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826
– ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0250
– volume: 155
  start-page: 300
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0270
  article-title: Cognitive impairment: an independent predictor of excess mortality: a cohort study
  publication-title: Annals of Internal Medicine
  doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-5-201109060-00007
– volume: 164
  start-page: 44
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0020
  article-title: A chapter a day: association of book reading with longevity
  publication-title: Social Science & Medicine
  doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.014
– volume: 367
  start-page: 1262
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0075
  article-title: Mild cognitive impairment
  publication-title: The Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5
– volume: 26
  start-page: 39
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0170
  article-title: Examining the association between late-life leisure activity participation and global cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly Chinese in Hong Kong
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1002/gps.2478
– volume: 38
  start-page: 277
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0225
  article-title: Education and trajectories of cognitive decline over 9 years in very old people: methods and risk analysis
  publication-title: Age Ageing
  doi: 10.1093/ageing/afp004
– volume: 52
  start-page: 154
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0230
  article-title: Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis
  publication-title: British Journal of Sports Medicine
  doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587
– volume: 66
  start-page: 821
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0300
  article-title: Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000202520.68987.48
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1978
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0025
  article-title: Cognitive and functional decline in adults aged 75 and older
  publication-title: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
  doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50609.x
– volume: 77
  start-page: 461
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0045
  article-title: Midlife vascular risk factor exposure accelerates structural brain aging and cognitive decline
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318227b227
– volume: 1
  start-page: 197
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0255
  article-title: Cognitive capital in the British birth cohorts: an introduction
  publication-title: Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
– volume: 90
  start-page: 1112
  year: 1995
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0185
  article-title: Modeling the drop-out mechanism in repeated-measures studies
  publication-title: Journal of the American Statistical Association
  doi: 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476615
– volume: 57
  start-page: 940
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0190
  article-title: Cognitively stimulating leisure activity and subsequent cognitive function: a SHARE-based analysis
  publication-title: The Gerontologist
– volume: 1
  start-page: 3
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0090
  article-title: Is antioxidant use protective of cognitive function in the community-dwelling elderly?
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
  doi: 10.1016/S1543-5946(03)80011-9
– volume: 63
  start-page: S73
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0125
  article-title: Reading daily predicts reduced mortality among men from a cohort of community-dwelling 70-year-olds
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
  doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.2.S73
– volume: 46
  start-page: 773
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0155
  article-title: Lower risk of incident dementia among Chinese older adults having three servings of vegetables and two servings of fruits a day
  publication-title: Age and Ageing
  doi: 10.1093/ageing/afx018
– volume: 29
  start-page: 737
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0100
  article-title: Normal cognitive aging
  publication-title: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
  doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.002
– volume: 60
  start-page: 380
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0135
  article-title: Reading aloud and arithmetic calculation improve frontal function of people with dementia
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
  doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.3.380
– volume: 17
  start-page: 542
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0010
  article-title: Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a2fd07
– volume: 25
  start-page: 814
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0280
  article-title: Cognitive impairment and life satisfaction in older adults
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1002/gps.2422
– volume: 15
  start-page: 615
  year: 2004
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0110
  article-title: A structural approach to selection bias
  publication-title: Epidemiology
  doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43
– year: 2002
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0315
– volume: 28
  start-page: 1109
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0290
  article-title: Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review
  publication-title: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1002/gps.3946
– volume: 11
  start-page: 22
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0320
  article-title: Socio-demographic and health-related factors associated with cognitive impairment in the elderly in Taiwan
  publication-title: BMC Public Health
  doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-22
– volume: 32
  start-page: 307
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0195
  article-title: High prevalence of dementia in a community-based survey of older people from Brazil: association with intellectual activity rather than education
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
  doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-120847
– year: 2005
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0050
  article-title: Survey on Social Development Trends, 2004 (AA200007) [data file]. Available from Survey Research Data Archive
  publication-title: Academia Sinica
– volume: 18
  start-page: 4
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0145
  article-title: Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory
  publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ab8b62
– volume: 24
  start-page: 35
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0235
  article-title: Predicting disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease: the role of neuropsychiatric syndromes on functional and cognitive decline
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
  doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-101836
– volume: 18
  start-page: 306
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0205
  article-title: Physical exercise helped to maintain and restore functioning in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 5-year prospective study of the Hong Kong Memory and Ageing Prospective Study (HK-MAPS)
  publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
  doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.10.003
– volume: 386
  start-page: 1008
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0260
  article-title: Can we model a cognitive footprint of interventions and policies to help to meet the global challenge of dementia?
  publication-title: The Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60248-3
– volume: 6
  start-page: 259
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0140
  article-title: The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review
  publication-title: Systematic Reviews
  doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2
– volume: 37
  start-page: 433
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0265
  article-title: Successful aging
  publication-title: The Gerontologist
  doi: 10.1093/geront/37.4.433
– volume: 92
  start-page: e1041
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0310
  article-title: Education and cognitive reserve in old age
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007036
– volume: 31
  start-page: 15
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0035
  article-title: Age is no kinder to the better educated: absence of an association investigated using latent growth techniques in a community sample
  publication-title: Psychological Medicine
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291799002834
– volume: 10
  start-page: 449
  year: 1994
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0115
  article-title: A replication of multidimensionality of Activities of Daily Living (ADL): on the elderly in Southern Taiwan
  publication-title: Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi= The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
– volume: 81
  start-page: 650
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0055
  article-title: Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve A clinicopathologic study
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08f1b
– volume: 59
  start-page: 815
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0275
  article-title: Relationships of dietary patterns, foods, and micro-and macronutrients with Alzheimer’s disease and late-life cognitive disorders: a systematic review
  publication-title: Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
  doi: 10.3233/JAD-170248
– volume: 10
  start-page: 215
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0210
  article-title: Use it and still lose it? The association between activity and cognitive performance established using latent growth techniques in a community sample
  publication-title: Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
  doi: 10.1076/anec.10.3.215.16451
– volume: 50
  start-page: S53
  issue: Suppl. 1
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0330
  article-title: Determinants of cognitive impairment over time among the elderly in Taiwan: results of the national longitudinal study
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics,
  doi: 10.1016/S0167-4943(10)70014-5
– volume: 61
  start-page: P253
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0080
  article-title: Does activity engagement protect against cognitive decline in old age? Methodological and analytical considerations
  publication-title: Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
  doi: 10.1093/geronb/61.5.P253
– volume: 75
  start-page: 697
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0160
  article-title: Association of daily intellectual activities with lower risk of incident dementia among older Chinese adults
  publication-title: JAMA Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0657
– volume: 54
  start-page: e221
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0165
  article-title: Leisure activity, mobility limitation and stress as modifiable risk factors for depressive symptoms in the elderly: results of a national longitudinal study
  publication-title: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
  doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.06.014
– year: 2006
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0105
– volume: 58
  start-page: 157
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0180
  article-title: The relationships between television viewing in midlife and the development of Alzheimer’s disease in a case-control study
  publication-title: Brain and Cognition
  doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.020
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1910
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0305
  article-title: Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000036905.59156.A1
– volume: 11
  start-page: 718
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0015
  article-title: Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective
  publication-title: Alzheimer’s & Dementia
  doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016
– volume: 13
  start-page: 781
  year: 2004
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0095
  article-title: Histamine2 receptor antagonist use and decline in cognitive function among community dwelling elderly
  publication-title: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
  doi: 10.1002/pds.952
– volume: 43
  start-page: 155
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0150
  article-title: The impact of depression on the development of mild cognitive impairment over 3 years of follow-up: a population-based study
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
  doi: 10.1159/000455227
– volume: 20
  start-page: 423
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0200
  article-title: Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age
  publication-title: Psychology and Aging
  doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.423
– volume: 27
  start-page: 541
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0030
  article-title: Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: a systematic review
  publication-title: International Psychogeriatrics
  doi: 10.1017/S1041610214002749
– volume: 19
  start-page: 316
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0040
  article-title: The impact of change in cognitive functioning and cognitive decline on disability, well-being, and the use of healthcare services in older persons
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
  doi: 10.1159/000084557
– volume: 34
  start-page: 864
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0085
  article-title: Participating in social activities helps preserve cognitive function: an analysis of a longitudinal, population-based study of the elderly
  publication-title: International Journal of Epidemiology
  doi: 10.1093/ije/dyi049
– volume: 12
  start-page: 64
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0130
  article-title: Reading ability mediates the relationship between education and executive function tasks
  publication-title: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
  doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060073
– volume: 20
  start-page: 8
  year: 2005
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0175
  article-title: Cognitive reserve: a SPECT study of 132 Alzheimer’s disease patients with an education range of 0–19 years
  publication-title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
  doi: 10.1159/000085068
– volume: 47
  start-page: 2015
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1017/S1041610220000812_bb0285
  article-title: Cognitive reserve
  publication-title: Neuropsychologia
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
– reference: 33543693 - Int Psychogeriatr. 2021 Jan;33(1):15-17. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220001246.
SSID ssj0025314
Score 2.531075
Snippet ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding...
This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education levels. A...
Objective:This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education...
This study examined the effect of daily life reading activity on the risk of cognitive decline and whether the effect differs regarding education...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
elsevier
cambridge
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 63
SubjectTerms Activities of Daily Living
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aging
Cognition
Cognitive ability
Cognitive Dysfunction - prevention & control
cognitive function
Cognitive functioning
Cognitive impairment
Dementia
Discussion groups
Education
Exercise
Female
Humans
Interaction terms
Leisure
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Older people
Original
Original Research Article
Outdoor activities
Physical fitness
Polls & surveys
Questionnaires
Reading
Recreation
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Cambridge Core Journals
  dbid: IKXGN
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3BbtQwEB2V9sIFtaJAoK2MxAkRbey144QbQpQCai9QaW-W43hhpSq76m4PPfTfOxM77rZVV-Ka2I7jGXue7Zk3AB-IVapxtcqbuh1TCjORN7IiN7GmLbVHE9xQcPLpWXlyLn9O1GQLJkMsDLlVJo6D_ia_z4-2CPSno1kbfGj85eg3biQQrlCkaG_YxIgOLUdRBCYO_DPYQQSjcVu28-PX5PtZ2oyh7snAVMBzamW48SQ66Yctr_MuPGW_HuPTh26Wa3breBdeRMDJvoSO7sGW717CTfSdZxTWQNkj2CJQOS3Zxbz7m9N6zVpPYZOezTqWnIwY2UGSJT2dU4ZvFnzQPzMf85MyilhhlnGZX-M06huckbcidaNns92H8-Nvf76e5DERQ-5wQq8QgdtKcpQb5_W0aKbjuuTOW6l0gfDHt3zaTtHKaVcJ7axGo9dwhG7FeOyUanEFewXb3bzzb4C5ylbKKydQFWRbCNQTr7izZW2JJ9xm8CkNtYmyXJrgiqbNI8lkUAzSMC6SmlNujYtNVT6mKovA6LGpsB5EbIZQVVxc_fKua2YpTLFWUyImQIOfgUw1I5gJIMWgrdr0wYNBke5-Xyjc16LVqnUG79NrXAfocsd2fn6FZSTHD-OQywxeB71Lv4egua60wD7pexqZChDH-P033exfzzVeSWIzKt_-n1jewXNBvj_9UdUBbK8ur_whgrdVcxTn4S3X4zuJ
  priority: 102
  providerName: Cambridge University Press
Title Reading activity prevents long-term decline in cognitive function in older people: evidence from a 14-year longitudinal study
URI https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1041610220000812/type/journal_article
https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S1041610224036718
https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000812
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498728
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2528776297
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2410360334
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8482376
Volume 33
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Health & Medical Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1741-203X
  dateEnd: 20241001
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0025314
  issn: 1041-6102
  databaseCode: 7X7
  dateStart: 19890301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  eissn: 1741-203X
  dateEnd: 20241001
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0025314
  issn: 1041-6102
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 19890301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LT9wwEB61cOFSAX0FKHKlnioiYq8dJ1wQRVDaqqsKFWlvkeN425VQspDlwIH_zkziJDzEniI5duLYM54v9sw3AF-IVSq3qQrztBhRCjMR5jIhN7G8iLVDE5xTcPLvcXx2IX9O1MRvuNXerbJbE5uFuqgs7ZHvC4XYHjU31Yfzq5CyRtHpqk-h8RpWOUIVkmo9GX64UL5ky0bA8RcpEt2pJlFGUyGViQY1UULKgVvhJRv1HIM-daV8YJtO1-GNB5XsqJWCDXjlyk3Kx-x9N97CnfeVZxTGQNki2LylbqrZZVX-C2l9ZoWjMEnHZiXrnYoY2T16BpVWlNGbtT7nB8z5fKSMIlSYYVyGt6g2zQNn5J1IXWrYa9_BxenJ3-Oz0CdeCC0q8AIRt0kkx3nCQZ1G-XSUxtw6I5WOEO64gk-LKVo1bROhrdFo5HKOUC0ajaxSBa5Y72GlrEr3EZhNTKKcsgKnXhaRQLlwilsTp4Z4wU0Ae_2wZ1596qx1PdPZs1kKIOpmJrOexJxyaVwua_K1bzJvGTyWVdbddGddaCoupq4eupbVIosetJSIAdDAByD7lh68tKAkQ9u07IU7nVANnz_IegCf-9uo93SYY0pX3WAdyfHFOOQygA-tDPafhyA5TbTAPulH0tlXIE7xx3fK2f-GWzyRxF4Uby3v1jasCfLtabaidmBlcX3jPiE4W-S7jQbuwuq3k_Gfc7z--DX5Pr4H-900_Q
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwEB6VcoALKs-GFjASXBARsWPHSaUKIaDa0seplfZmEscLK1XJQrZCPfCX-I3MxHm0VOyt18R2nMzrczz-BuAVsUoVNlNhkZUxlTATYSFTShMrykQ7DMEFHU4-Ok4mp_LLVE3X4E9_FobSKnuf2Drqsrb0j_ydUIjt0XIz_X7xI6SqUbS72pfQ8Gpx4C5-4ZKt2d3_hPJ9LcTe55OPk7CrKhBa1M4lwsk8lRwnwXk2i4pZnCXculwqHWEsdyWflTN02dqmQttcowcvOOKQKI6tUiWaI457C27LOJLE1a-n4wIP9Vl69gOOS7JI9LuoRFFNF-maaFEaFcAcuRz-FxOvY95_UzcvxcK9DbjXgVj2wWvdfVhz1QOq_9zlijyE311uPqNjE1Sdgi08VVTDzurqW0jxgJWOjmU6Nq_YkMTEKM7SGHS1pgrizOe47zDX1T9ldCKG5YzL8ALl0Q44p2xImlLLlvsITm9EJI9hvaortwnMpnmqnLICVU2WkUA9dIrbPMly4iHPA3g7fHbTmWtjfKqbNtekFEDUS8bYjjSdanecreryZuiy8IwhqxrrXtymPwqLzts149RMI0x0qadEzIGAIgA59OzAkgdBBmPhqgdu90o1vv5oWwG8HG6jn6HNo7xy9Tm2kRwfjJ9cBvDE6-DwegjKs1QLnJO-op1DA-Iwv3qnmn9vucxTSWxJydPV03oBdyYnR4fmcP_4YAvuCsoran-DbcP68ue5e4bAcFk8b62RwdebNv-_VyBsQw
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3db5UwFD-ZMzG-GL-HTq2JvhjJaGkpmBhjnDeb08UHl9w3hFL0Jgtc5S5mD_5j_nWeQwtsLt63vUJbCuez9NffAXhGrFKlyVRYZlVMJcxEWMqUYGJllWiLIbikw8mfDpO9I_lhruYb8Gc4C0OwysEn9o66ag39I98RCnN7tNxM79QeFvF5d_Zm-SOkClK00zqU03AqcmBPf-HyrXu9v4uyfi7E7P2Xd3uhrzAQGtTUFaaWRSo5TojzrI7KOs4SbmwhlY4wrtuK11WN7lubVGhTaPTmJcecJIpjo1SFponjXoGrOpYxwcn0fFrsoW5Lx4TAcXkWiWFHleiq6SJdE33GRsUwJ16H_8XHi_nvvzDOM3FxdhNu-ISWvXUaeAs2bHObakF73Mgd-O1x-oyOUFClCrZ0tFEdO26bbyHFBlZZOqJp2aJhI6CJUcylMehqS9XEmcO7v2LW10JldDqGFYzL8BTl0Q-4IGQkTalnzr0LR5ciknuw2bSN3QJm0iJVVhmBaierSKBOWsVNkWQFcZIXAbwcP3vuTbfLHexN5xekFEA0SCY3nkCd6ngcr-vyYuyydOwh6xrrQdz5cCwWHbntpqnlncijMz0l5h-YXAQgx54-cXIJUY5xcd0Dtwelml5_srMAno630efQRlLR2PYE20iOD8ZPLgO473RwfD1M0LNUC5yTPqedYwPiMz9_p1l873nNU0nMScmD9dN6AtfQ8POP-4cHD-G6IIhR_0dsGzZXP0_sI8wRV-Xj3hgZfL1s6_8L7Phwfg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reading+activity+prevents+long-term+decline+in+cognitive+function+in+older+people%3A+evidence+from+a+14-year+longitudinal+study&rft.jtitle=International+psychogeriatrics&rft.au=Yu-Hung%2C+Chang&rft.au=I-Chien%2C+Wu&rft.au=Hsiung%2C+Chao+A&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.issn=1041-6102&rft.eissn=1741-203X&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=63&rft.epage=74&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS1041610220000812&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_m http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/custom?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.clinicalkey.com%2Fck-thumbnails%2F10416102%2FS1041610221X33108%2Fcov150h.gif