Directed evolution of the CpcA biosynthetic pathway and optimization of conditions for CpcA production and its properties
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima , five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining...
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| Published in | Applied microbiology and biotechnology Vol. 98; no. 11; pp. 4995 - 5007 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.06.2014
Springer Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0175-7598 1432-0614 1432-0614 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s00253-014-5522-0 |
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| Abstract | To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from
Spirulina maxima
, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA
713
with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA
713
strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5–8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O
2
–
, and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC
50
values of ·OH, ·O
2
−
, and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered
Escherichia coli
in future. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain [CPCA.sub.713] with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7% higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened [CPCA.sub.713] strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40°C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain [CPCA.sub.713] with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7% higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened [CPCA.sub.713] strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40°C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. Keywords CpcA * Directed evolution * Error-prone PCR * Spectrum * Stability * Antioxidative activity * Pathway engineering * Response surface methodology To improve the production of phycocyanin holo- alpha -subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA sub(713) with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA sub(713) strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 degree C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals .OH, .O sub(2) super(-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC sub(50) values of .OH, .O sub(2) super(-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA₇₁₃with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA₇₁₃strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5–8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O₂–, and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC₅₀values of ·OH, ·O₂⁻, and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-[alpha]-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA^sub 713^ with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA^sub 713^ strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 ^sup -^, and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC^sub 50^ values of ·OH, ·O2 ^sup -^, and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima , five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA 713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA 713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5–8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O 2 – , and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC 50 values of ·OH, ·O 2 − , and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 (-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of ·OH, ·O2 (-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 (-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of ·OH, ·O2 (-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 (-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of ·OH, ·O2 (-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Yu, Ping Dong, Dalu Pan, Hangtao |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dalu surname: Dong fullname: Dong, Dalu organization: College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University – sequence: 2 givenname: Hangtao surname: Pan fullname: Pan, Hangtao organization: College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University – sequence: 3 givenname: Ping surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Ping email: yup9202@gmail.com organization: College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445922$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1111_jpy_12597 |
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| Copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 COPYRIGHT 2014 Springer Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Jun 2014 |
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| DOI | 10.1007/s00253-014-5522-0 |
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| Issue | 11 |
| Keywords | Antioxidative activity Directed evolution Stability CpcA Error-prone PCR Response surface methodology Pathway engineering Spectrum |
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| PublicationTitle | Applied microbiology and biotechnology |
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| Snippet | To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from
Spirulina maxima
, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its... To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis... To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-[alpha]-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its... To improve the production of phycocyanin holo- alpha -subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its... |
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| SubjectTerms | Amino acids Analysis Antioxidants Bacterial proteins beef extracts Biomedical and Life Sciences Biosynthesis Biosynthetic Pathways Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes and Proteins Biotechnology carbon Carbon - metabolism Chemical engineering Cloning Culture Media - chemistry Directed Molecular Evolution E coli Enzymes Escherichia coli evolution Free radicals Free Radicals - metabolism Gene amplification genes Genetic aspects Glycerol Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Industrial production inhibitory concentration 50 Life Sciences Metabolic Engineering Microbial Genetics and Genomics Microbiology molecular weight mutants Mutation, Missense Nickel nitrogen Nitrogen sources Optimization oxygen Phycocyanin - biosynthesis Phycocyanin - chemistry Phycocyanin - genetics Phycocyanin - isolation & purification Point Mutation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis polymerase chain reaction Polypeptides Properties Protein Stability response surface methodology Sequence Alignment sodium dodecyl sulfate Spectrum Analysis Spirulina - genetics Spirulina - metabolism Spirulina maxima Studies Sulfates Temperature Wavelengths Yeast yeast extract |
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| Title | Directed evolution of the CpcA biosynthetic pathway and optimization of conditions for CpcA production and its properties |
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