Directed evolution of the CpcA biosynthetic pathway and optimization of conditions for CpcA production and its properties

To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima , five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining...

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Published inApplied microbiology and biotechnology Vol. 98; no. 11; pp. 4995 - 5007
Main Authors Dong, Dalu, Pan, Hangtao, Yu, Ping
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.06.2014
Springer
Springer Nature B.V
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0175-7598
1432-0614
1432-0614
DOI10.1007/s00253-014-5522-0

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Abstract To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima , five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA 713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA 713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5–8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O 2 – , and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC 50 values of ·OH, ·O 2 − , and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.
AbstractList To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain [CPCA.sub.713] with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7% higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened [CPCA.sub.713] strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40°C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain [CPCA.sub.713] with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7% higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened [CPCA.sub.713] strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40°C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of x OH, x [O.sub.2.sup.-], and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future. Keywords CpcA * Directed evolution * Error-prone PCR * Spectrum * Stability * Antioxidative activity * Pathway engineering * Response surface methodology
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo- alpha -subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA sub(713) with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA sub(713) strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 degree C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals .OH, .O sub(2) super(-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC sub(50) values of .OH, .O sub(2) super(-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA₇₁₃with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA₇₁₃strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5–8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O₂–, and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC₅₀values of ·OH, ·O₂⁻, and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-[alpha]-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA^sub 713^ with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA^sub 713^ strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 ^sup -^, and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC^sub 50^ values of ·OH, ·O2 ^sup -^, and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima , five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA 713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA 713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5–8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O 2 – , and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC 50 values of ·OH, ·O 2 − , and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 (-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of ·OH, ·O2 (-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 (-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of ·OH, ·O2 (-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 (-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of ·OH, ·O2 (-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.
Audience Academic
Author Yu, Ping
Dong, Dalu
Pan, Hangtao
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Dalu
  surname: Dong
  fullname: Dong, Dalu
  organization: College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Hangtao
  surname: Pan
  fullname: Pan, Hangtao
  organization: College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Ping
  surname: Yu
  fullname: Yu, Ping
  email: yup9202@gmail.com
  organization: College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445922$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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Issue 11
Keywords Antioxidative activity
Directed evolution
Stability
CpcA
Error-prone PCR
Response surface methodology
Pathway engineering
Spectrum
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Snippet To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima , five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its...
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis...
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-[alpha]-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its...
To improve the production of phycocyanin holo- alpha -subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its...
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StartPage 4995
SubjectTerms Amino acids
Analysis
Antioxidants
Bacterial proteins
beef extracts
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biosynthesis
Biosynthetic Pathways
Biotechnologically Relevant Enzymes and Proteins
Biotechnology
carbon
Carbon - metabolism
Chemical engineering
Cloning
Culture Media - chemistry
Directed Molecular Evolution
E coli
Enzymes
Escherichia coli
evolution
Free radicals
Free Radicals - metabolism
Gene amplification
genes
Genetic aspects
Glycerol
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Industrial production
inhibitory concentration 50
Life Sciences
Metabolic Engineering
Microbial Genetics and Genomics
Microbiology
molecular weight
mutants
Mutation, Missense
Nickel
nitrogen
Nitrogen sources
Optimization
oxygen
Phycocyanin - biosynthesis
Phycocyanin - chemistry
Phycocyanin - genetics
Phycocyanin - isolation & purification
Point Mutation
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
polymerase chain reaction
Polypeptides
Properties
Protein Stability
response surface methodology
Sequence Alignment
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Spectrum Analysis
Spirulina - genetics
Spirulina - metabolism
Spirulina maxima
Studies
Sulfates
Temperature
Wavelengths
Yeast
yeast extract
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Title Directed evolution of the CpcA biosynthetic pathway and optimization of conditions for CpcA production and its properties
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