Age-related differences of cerebellar cortex and nuclei: MRI findings in healthy controls and its application to spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA6) patients
•Cerebellar nuclei are discernible on susceptibility maps (QSM) acquired at 3 Tesla in healthy subjects and patients with SCA6.•The QSM-based volume of the dentate nuclei in adults is independent of age.•Dentate nuclei are significantly atrophied in SCA6.•The amount of iron of the dentate nuclei is...
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| Published in | NeuroImage (Orlando, Fla.) Vol. 270; p. 119950 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Elsevier Inc
15.04.2023
Elsevier Limited Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1053-8119 1095-9572 1095-9572 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119950 |
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| Abstract | •Cerebellar nuclei are discernible on susceptibility maps (QSM) acquired at 3 Tesla in healthy subjects and patients with SCA6.•The QSM-based volume of the dentate nuclei in adults is independent of age.•Dentate nuclei are significantly atrophied in SCA6.•The amount of iron of the dentate nuclei is reduced in SCA6.•Volume and iron concentration of the dentate nuclei did not show reliable changes in SCA6 patients within one year.
Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), can be contrasted. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in 109 healthy controls (age range: 16 – 78 years) using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings were compared with 25 SCA6 patients (age range: 38 – 78 years). A subset of 16 SCA6 (included: 14) patients and 50 controls (included: 45) received an additional MRI scan at 7 Tesla and were re-scanned after one year. MRI included T1-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR, and multi-echo T2*-weighted imaging. The T2*-weighted phase images were converted to quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM). Since the cerebellar nuclei are characterized by elevated iron content with respect to their surroundings, two independent raters manually outlined them on the susceptibility maps. T1-weighted images acquired at 3T were utilized to automatically identify the cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume. Linear correlations revealed significant atrophy of the cerebellum due to tissue loss of cerebellar cortical GM in healthy controls with increasing age. Reduction of the cerebellar GM was substantially stronger in SCA6 patients. The volume of the dentate nuclei did not exhibit a significant relationship with age, at least in the age range between 18 and 78 years, whereas mean susceptibilities of the dentate nuclei increased with age. As previously shown, the dentate nuclei volumes were smaller and magnetic susceptibilities were lower in SCA6 patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The significant dentate volume loss in SCA6 patients could also be confirmed with 7T MRI. Linear mixed effects models and individual paired t-tests accounting for multiple comparisons revealed no statistical significant change in volume and susceptibility of the dentate nuclei after one year in neither patients nor controls. Importantly, dentate volumes were more sensitive to differentiate between SCA6 (Cohen's d = 3.02) and matched controls than the cerebellar cortex volume (d = 2.04). In addition to age-related decline of the cerebellar cortex and atrophy in SCA6 patients, age-related increase of susceptibility of the dentate nuclei was found in controls, whereas dentate volume and susceptibility was significantly decreased in SCA6 patients. Because no significant changes of any of these parameters was found at follow-up, these measures do not allow to monitor disease progression at short intervals.
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| AbstractList | Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), can be contrasted. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in 109 healthy controls (age range: 16 – 78 years) using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings were compared with 25 SCA6 patients (age range: 38 – 78 years). A subset of 16 SCA6 (included: 14) patients and 50 controls (included: 45) received an additional MRI scan at 7 Tesla and were re-scanned after one year. MRI included T1-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR, and multi-echo T2*-weighted imaging. The T2*-weighted phase images were converted to quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM). Since the cerebellar nuclei are characterized by elevated iron content with respect to their surroundings, two independent raters manually outlined them on the susceptibility maps. T1-weighted images acquired at 3T were utilized to automatically identify the cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume. Linear correlations revealed significant atrophy of the cerebellum due to tissue loss of cerebellar cortical GM in healthy controls with increasing age. Reduction of the cerebellar GM was substantially stronger in SCA6 patients. The volume of the dentate nuclei did not exhibit a significant relationship with age, at least in the age range between 18 and 78 years, whereas mean susceptibilities of the dentate nuclei increased with age. As previously shown, the dentate nuclei volumes were smaller and magnetic susceptibilities were lower in SCA6 patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The significant dentate volume loss in SCA6 patients could also be confirmed with 7T MRI. Linear mixed effects models and individual paired t-tests accounting for multiple comparisons revealed no statistical significant change in volume and susceptibility of the dentate nuclei after one year in neither patients nor controls. Importantly, dentate volumes were more sensitive to differentiate between SCA6 (Cohen's d = 3.02) and matched controls than the cerebellar cortex volume (d = 2.04). In addition to age-related decline of the cerebellar cortex and atrophy in SCA6 patients, age-related increase of susceptibility of the dentate nuclei was found in controls, whereas dentate volume and susceptibility was significantly decreased in SCA6 patients. Because no significant changes of any of these parameters was found at follow-up, these measures do not allow to monitor disease progression at short intervals. Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), can be contrasted. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in 109 healthy controls (age range: 16 – 78 years) using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings were compared with 25 SCA6 patients (age range: 38 – 78 years). A subset of 16 SCA6 (included: 14) patients and 50 controls (included: 45) received an additional MRI scan at 7 Tesla and were re-scanned after one year. MRI included T1-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR, and multi-echo T2*-weighted imaging. The T2*-weighted phase images were converted to quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM). Since the cerebellar nuclei are characterized by elevated iron content with respect to their surroundings, two independent raters manually outlined them on the susceptibility maps. T1-weighted images acquired at 3T were utilized to automatically identify the cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume. Linear correlations revealed significant atrophy of the cerebellum due to tissue loss of cerebellar cortical GM in healthy controls with increasing age. Reduction of the cerebellar GM was substantially stronger in SCA6 patients. The volume of the dentate nuclei did not exhibit a significant relationship with age, at least in the age range between 18 and 78 years, whereas mean susceptibilities of the dentate nuclei increased with age. As previously shown, the dentate nuclei volumes were smaller and magnetic susceptibilities were lower in SCA6 patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The significant dentate volume loss in SCA6 patients could also be confirmed with 7T MRI. Linear mixed effects models and individual paired t-tests accounting for multiple comparisons revealed no statistical significant change in volume and susceptibility of the dentate nuclei after one year in neither patients nor controls. Importantly, dentate volumes were more sensitive to differentiate between SCA6 (Cohen's d = 3.02) and matched controls than the cerebellar cortex volume (d = 2.04). In addition to age-related decline of the cerebellar cortex and atrophy in SCA6 patients, age-related increase of susceptibility of the dentate nuclei was found in controls, whereas dentate volume and susceptibility was significantly decreased in SCA6 patients. Because no significant changes of any of these parameters was found at follow-up, these measures do not allow to monitor disease progression at short intervals. •Cerebellar nuclei are discernible on susceptibility maps (QSM) acquired at 3 Tesla in healthy subjects and patients with SCA6.•The QSM-based volume of the dentate nuclei in adults is independent of age.•Dentate nuclei are significantly atrophied in SCA6.•The amount of iron of the dentate nuclei is reduced in SCA6.•Volume and iron concentration of the dentate nuclei did not show reliable changes in SCA6 patients within one year. Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), can be contrasted. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in 109 healthy controls (age range: 16 – 78 years) using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings were compared with 25 SCA6 patients (age range: 38 – 78 years). A subset of 16 SCA6 (included: 14) patients and 50 controls (included: 45) received an additional MRI scan at 7 Tesla and were re-scanned after one year. MRI included T1-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR, and multi-echo T2*-weighted imaging. The T2*-weighted phase images were converted to quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM). Since the cerebellar nuclei are characterized by elevated iron content with respect to their surroundings, two independent raters manually outlined them on the susceptibility maps. T1-weighted images acquired at 3T were utilized to automatically identify the cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume. Linear correlations revealed significant atrophy of the cerebellum due to tissue loss of cerebellar cortical GM in healthy controls with increasing age. Reduction of the cerebellar GM was substantially stronger in SCA6 patients. The volume of the dentate nuclei did not exhibit a significant relationship with age, at least in the age range between 18 and 78 years, whereas mean susceptibilities of the dentate nuclei increased with age. As previously shown, the dentate nuclei volumes were smaller and magnetic susceptibilities were lower in SCA6 patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The significant dentate volume loss in SCA6 patients could also be confirmed with 7T MRI. Linear mixed effects models and individual paired t-tests accounting for multiple comparisons revealed no statistical significant change in volume and susceptibility of the dentate nuclei after one year in neither patients nor controls. Importantly, dentate volumes were more sensitive to differentiate between SCA6 (Cohen's d = 3.02) and matched controls than the cerebellar cortex volume (d = 2.04). In addition to age-related decline of the cerebellar cortex and atrophy in SCA6 patients, age-related increase of susceptibility of the dentate nuclei was found in controls, whereas dentate volume and susceptibility was significantly decreased in SCA6 patients. Because no significant changes of any of these parameters was found at follow-up, these measures do not allow to monitor disease progression at short intervals. [Display omitted] Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), can be contrasted. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in 109 healthy controls (age range: 16 - 78 years) using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings were compared with 25 SCA6 patients (age range: 38 - 78 years). A subset of 16 SCA6 (included: 14) patients and 50 controls (included: 45) received an additional MRI scan at 7 Tesla and were re-scanned after one year. MRI included T1-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR, and multi-echo T2*-weighted imaging. The T2*-weighted phase images were converted to quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM). Since the cerebellar nuclei are characterized by elevated iron content with respect to their surroundings, two independent raters manually outlined them on the susceptibility maps. T1-weighted images acquired at 3T were utilized to automatically identify the cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume. Linear correlations revealed significant atrophy of the cerebellum due to tissue loss of cerebellar cortical GM in healthy controls with increasing age. Reduction of the cerebellar GM was substantially stronger in SCA6 patients. The volume of the dentate nuclei did not exhibit a significant relationship with age, at least in the age range between 18 and 78 years, whereas mean susceptibilities of the dentate nuclei increased with age. As previously shown, the dentate nuclei volumes were smaller and magnetic susceptibilities were lower in SCA6 patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The significant dentate volume loss in SCA6 patients could also be confirmed with 7T MRI. Linear mixed effects models and individual paired t-tests accounting for multiple comparisons revealed no statistical significant change in volume and susceptibility of the dentate nuclei after one year in neither patients nor controls. Importantly, dentate volumes were more sensitive to differentiate between SCA6 (Cohen's d = 3.02) and matched controls than the cerebellar cortex volume (d = 2.04). In addition to age-related decline of the cerebellar cortex and atrophy in SCA6 patients, age-related increase of susceptibility of the dentate nuclei was found in controls, whereas dentate volume and susceptibility was significantly decreased in SCA6 patients. Because no significant changes of any of these parameters was found at follow-up, these measures do not allow to monitor disease progression at short intervals.Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), can be contrasted. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in 109 healthy controls (age range: 16 - 78 years) using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings were compared with 25 SCA6 patients (age range: 38 - 78 years). A subset of 16 SCA6 (included: 14) patients and 50 controls (included: 45) received an additional MRI scan at 7 Tesla and were re-scanned after one year. MRI included T1-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR, and multi-echo T2*-weighted imaging. The T2*-weighted phase images were converted to quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM). Since the cerebellar nuclei are characterized by elevated iron content with respect to their surroundings, two independent raters manually outlined them on the susceptibility maps. T1-weighted images acquired at 3T were utilized to automatically identify the cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume. Linear correlations revealed significant atrophy of the cerebellum due to tissue loss of cerebellar cortical GM in healthy controls with increasing age. Reduction of the cerebellar GM was substantially stronger in SCA6 patients. The volume of the dentate nuclei did not exhibit a significant relationship with age, at least in the age range between 18 and 78 years, whereas mean susceptibilities of the dentate nuclei increased with age. As previously shown, the dentate nuclei volumes were smaller and magnetic susceptibilities were lower in SCA6 patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The significant dentate volume loss in SCA6 patients could also be confirmed with 7T MRI. Linear mixed effects models and individual paired t-tests accounting for multiple comparisons revealed no statistical significant change in volume and susceptibility of the dentate nuclei after one year in neither patients nor controls. Importantly, dentate volumes were more sensitive to differentiate between SCA6 (Cohen's d = 3.02) and matched controls than the cerebellar cortex volume (d = 2.04). In addition to age-related decline of the cerebellar cortex and atrophy in SCA6 patients, age-related increase of susceptibility of the dentate nuclei was found in controls, whereas dentate volume and susceptibility was significantly decreased in SCA6 patients. Because no significant changes of any of these parameters was found at follow-up, these measures do not allow to monitor disease progression at short intervals. |
| ArticleNumber | 119950 |
| Author | Claaßen, Jens Steiner, Katharina M. Gerwig, Marcus Minnerop, Martina Chang, Dae-In Uslar, Ellen Thieme, Andreas Maderwald, Stefan Reichenbach, Jürgen R. Gussew, Alexander Ladd, Mark E. Göricke, Sophia L. Jäschke, Dominik Pfaffenrot, Viktor Deistung, Andreas Timmann, Dagmar Hulst, Thomas |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dominik surname: Jäschke fullname: Jäschke, Dominik organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Katharina M. surname: Steiner fullname: Steiner, Katharina M. organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Dae-In surname: Chang fullname: Chang, Dae-In organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Jens surname: Claaßen fullname: Claaßen, Jens organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Ellen surname: Uslar fullname: Uslar, Ellen organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 6 givenname: Andreas surname: Thieme fullname: Thieme, Andreas organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Marcus surname: Gerwig fullname: Gerwig, Marcus organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 8 givenname: Viktor surname: Pfaffenrot fullname: Pfaffenrot, Viktor organization: Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Thomas surname: Hulst fullname: Hulst, Thomas organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 10 givenname: Alexander surname: Gussew fullname: Gussew, Alexander organization: University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, Department for Radiation Medicine, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: Stefan surname: Maderwald fullname: Maderwald, Stefan organization: Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany – sequence: 12 givenname: Sophia L. surname: Göricke fullname: Göricke, Sophia L. organization: Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany – sequence: 13 givenname: Martina surname: Minnerop fullname: Minnerop, Martina organization: Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany – sequence: 14 givenname: Mark E. surname: Ladd fullname: Ladd, Mark E. organization: Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany – sequence: 15 givenname: Jürgen R. surname: Reichenbach fullname: Reichenbach, Jürgen R. organization: Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany – sequence: 16 givenname: Dagmar surname: Timmann fullname: Timmann, Dagmar organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany – sequence: 17 givenname: Andreas surname: Deistung fullname: Deistung, Andreas email: andreas.deistung@uk-halle.de organization: Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36822250$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s12311_024_01659_0 crossref_primary_10_1136_jnnp_2024_334398 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jns_2024_123321 |
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| Keywords | Cerebellum SCA6 MRI Quantitative susceptibility mapping R MP-RAGE BW WM Ataxia FLAIR Dentate nucleus DNbulk VBM ppb SWI GM HEIDI QSM Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 TA DCN DNsil TE TI SHARP GRE FA T1w TR |
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| Snippet | •Cerebellar nuclei are discernible on susceptibility maps (QSM) acquired at 3 Tesla in healthy subjects and patients with SCA6.•The QSM-based volume of the... Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Age Aged Aging Ataxia Atrophy Atrophy - pathology Brain Cerebellar Cortex - diagnostic imaging Cerebellar Cortex - pathology Cerebellar Nuclei - diagnostic imaging Cerebellum Cerebellum - pathology Cortex Dentate nucleus Humans Iron Magnetic fields Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods Middle Aged MRI Neuroimaging Nuclei Older people Pathology Quantitative susceptibility mapping Spinocerebellar ataxia Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 Spinocerebellar Ataxias - diagnostic imaging Spinocerebellar Ataxias - pathology Statistical analysis Substantia grisea Susceptibility Young Adult |
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| Title | Age-related differences of cerebellar cortex and nuclei: MRI findings in healthy controls and its application to spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA6) patients |
| URI | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S1053811923000952 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119950 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36822250 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2786822202 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2780080207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119950 https://doaj.org/article/07bcb80147d244cb9d7ef51f37d0b8b5 |
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