Clinical classification in low back pain: best-evidence diagnostic rules based on systematic reviews

• Published in: BMC musculoskeletal disorders Vol. 18; no. 1; pp. 188 - 23
• Main Authors: Petersen, Tom, Laslett, Mark, Juhl, Carsten
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central 12.05.2017; BMC
• Subjects: Clinical decision making; Clinical examination; Diagnostic accuracy; Epidemiology; Evidence-Based Medicine - classification; Evidence-Based Medicine - methods; Humans; Internal Medicine; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration - classification; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration - complications; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration - diagnosis; Intervertebral Disc Displacement - classification; Intervertebral Disc Displacement - complications; Intervertebral Disc Displacement - diagnosis; Low Back Pain - classification; Low Back Pain - diagnosis; Low Back Pain - etiology; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Orthopedics; Orthopedics and biomechanics; Pain Measurement - classification; Pain Measurement - methods; Rehabilitation; Research Article; Rheumatology; Sensitivity and specificity; Spinal Stenosis - classification; Spinal Stenosis - complications; Spinal Stenosis - diagnosis; Spondylolisthesis - classification; Spondylolisthesis - complications; Spondylolisthesis - diagnosis; Sports Medicine; Sensitivity and specificity; Low back pain classification; Clinical decision making; Clinical examination; Diagnostic accuracy
• ISSN: 1471-2474; 1471-2474
• DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1549-6

Background Clinical examination findings are used in primary care to give an initial diagnosis to patients with low back pain and related leg symptoms. The purpose of this study was to develop best evidence Clinical Diagnostic Rules (CDR] for the identification of the most common patho-anatomical disorders in the lumbar spine; i.e. intervertebral discs, sacroiliac joints, facet joints, bone, muscles, nerve roots, muscles, peripheral nerve tissue, and central nervous system sensitization. Methods A sensitive electronic search strategy using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases was combined with hand searching and citation tracking to identify eligible studies. Criteria for inclusion were: persons with low back pain with or without related leg symptoms, history or physical examination findings suitable for use in primary care, comparison with acceptable reference standards, and statistical reporting permitting calculation of diagnostic value. Quality assessments were made independently by two reviewers using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Clinical examination findings that were investigated by at least two studies were included and results that met our predefined threshold of positive likelihood ratio ≥ 2 or negative likelihood ratio ≤ 0.5 were considered for the CDR. Results Sixty-four studies satisfied our eligible criteria. We were able to construct promising CDRs for symptomatic intervertebral disc, sacroiliac joint, spondylolisthesis, disc herniation with nerve root involvement, and spinal stenosis. Single clinical test appear not to be as useful as clusters of tests that are more closely in line with clinical decision making. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies that evaluate clinical examination findings for their ability to identify the most common patho-anatomical disorders in the lumbar spine. In some diagnostic categories we have sufficient evidence to recommend a CDR. In others, we have only preliminary evidence that needs testing in future studies. Most findings were tested in secondary or tertiary care. Thus, the accuracy of the findings in a primary care setting has yet to be confirmed.