Relationship between retinal blood flow and arterial oxygen
Key points Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2. Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified ret...
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| Published in | The Journal of physiology Vol. 594; no. 3; pp. 625 - 640 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.02.2016
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0022-3751 1469-7793 1469-7793 |
| DOI | 10.1113/JP271182 |
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| Abstract | Key points
Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2.
Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple PaO2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen.
The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and PaO2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function.
This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid‐point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a P ETC O2 of 32–37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold.
Retinal blood flow (RBF) increases in response to a reduction in oxygen (hypoxia) but decreases in response to increased oxygen (hyperoxia). However, the relationship between blood flow and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen has not been quantified and modelled in the retina, particularly in the vascular reserve and resting tonus of the vessels. The present study aimed to determine the limitations of the retinal vasculature by modelling the relationship between RBF and oxygen. Retinal vascular responses were measured in 13 subjects for eight different blood gas conditions, with the end‐tidal partial pressure of oxygen (P ETC O2) ranging from 40–500 mmHg. Retinal vascular response measurements were repeated twice; using the Canon laser blood flowmeter (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) during the first visit and using Doppler spectral domain optical coherence tomography during the second visit. We determined that the relationship between RBF and PaO2 can be modelled as a combination of hyperbolic and linear functions. We concluded that RBF compensated for decreases in arterial oxygen content for all stages of hypoxia used in the present study but can no longer compensate below a P ETC O2 of 32–37 mmHg. These vessels have a great vascular range of adjustment, increasing diameter (8.5% arteriolar and 21% total venous area) with hypoxia (40 mmHg P ETC O2; P < 0.001) and decreasing diameter (6.9% arteriolar and 23% total venous area) with hyperoxia (500 mmHg P ETC O2; P < 0.001) to the same extent. This indicates that the resting tonus is near the mid‐point of the adjustment ranges at resting PaO2 where sensitivity is maximum.
Key points
Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2.
Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple PaO2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen.
The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and PaO2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function.
This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid‐point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a P ETC O2 of 32–37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Key points
Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2.
Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple PaO2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen.
The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and PaO2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function.
This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid‐point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a P ETC O2 of 32–37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold.
Retinal blood flow (RBF) increases in response to a reduction in oxygen (hypoxia) but decreases in response to increased oxygen (hyperoxia). However, the relationship between blood flow and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen has not been quantified and modelled in the retina, particularly in the vascular reserve and resting tonus of the vessels. The present study aimed to determine the limitations of the retinal vasculature by modelling the relationship between RBF and oxygen. Retinal vascular responses were measured in 13 subjects for eight different blood gas conditions, with the end‐tidal partial pressure of oxygen (P ETC O2) ranging from 40–500 mmHg. Retinal vascular response measurements were repeated twice; using the Canon laser blood flowmeter (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) during the first visit and using Doppler spectral domain optical coherence tomography during the second visit. We determined that the relationship between RBF and PaO2 can be modelled as a combination of hyperbolic and linear functions. We concluded that RBF compensated for decreases in arterial oxygen content for all stages of hypoxia used in the present study but can no longer compensate below a P ETC O2 of 32–37 mmHg. These vessels have a great vascular range of adjustment, increasing diameter (8.5% arteriolar and 21% total venous area) with hypoxia (40 mmHg P ETC O2; P < 0.001) and decreasing diameter (6.9% arteriolar and 23% total venous area) with hyperoxia (500 mmHg P ETC O2; P < 0.001) to the same extent. This indicates that the resting tonus is near the mid‐point of the adjustment ranges at resting PaO2 where sensitivity is maximum.
Key points
Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2.
Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple PaO2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen.
The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and PaO2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function.
This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid‐point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a P ETC O2 of 32–37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in . Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen. The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and , showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function. This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid‐point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a of 32–37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2. Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple PaO2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen. The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and PaO2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function. This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid-point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a PETCO2 of 32-37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. Retinal blood flow (RBF) increases in response to a reduction in oxygen (hypoxia) but decreases in response to increased oxygen (hyperoxia). However, the relationship between blood flow and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen has not been quantified and modelled in the retina, particularly in the vascular reserve and resting tonus of the vessels. The present study aimed to determine the limitations of the retinal vasculature by modelling the relationship between RBF and oxygen. Retinal vascular responses were measured in 13 subjects for eight different blood gas conditions, with the end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (PETCO2) ranging from 40-500 mmHg. Retinal vascular response measurements were repeated twice; using the Canon laser blood flowmeter (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) during the first visit and using Doppler spectral domain optical coherence tomography during the second visit. We determined that the relationship between RBF and PaO2 can be modelled as a combination of hyperbolic and linear functions. We concluded that RBF compensated for decreases in arterial oxygen content for all stages of hypoxia used in the present study but can no longer compensate below a PETCO2 of 32-37 mmHg. These vessels have a great vascular range of adjustment, increasing diameter (8.5% arteriolar and 21% total venous area) with hypoxia (40 mmHg P ETC O2; P < 0.001) and decreasing diameter (6.9% arteriolar and 23% total venous area) with hyperoxia (500 mmHg PETCO2; P < 0.001) to the same extent. This indicates that the resting tonus is near the mid-point of the adjustment ranges at resting PaO2 where sensitivity is maximum. KEY POINTSVascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2. Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple PaO2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen. The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and PaO2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function. This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid-point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a PETCO2 of 32-37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. Retinal blood flow (RBF) increases in response to a reduction in oxygen (hypoxia) but decreases in response to increased oxygen (hyperoxia). However, the relationship between blood flow and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen has not been quantified and modelled in the retina, particularly in the vascular reserve and resting tonus of the vessels. The present study aimed to determine the limitations of the retinal vasculature by modelling the relationship between RBF and oxygen. Retinal vascular responses were measured in 13 subjects for eight different blood gas conditions, with the end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (PETCO2) ranging from 40-500 mmHg. Retinal vascular response measurements were repeated twice; using the Canon laser blood flowmeter (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) during the first visit and using Doppler spectral domain optical coherence tomography during the second visit. We determined that the relationship between RBF and PaO2 can be modelled as a combination of hyperbolic and linear functions. We concluded that RBF compensated for decreases in arterial oxygen content for all stages of hypoxia used in the present study but can no longer compensate below a PETCO2 of 32-37 mmHg. These vessels have a great vascular range of adjustment, increasing diameter (8.5% arteriolar and 21% total venous area) with hypoxia (40 mmHg P ETC O2; P < 0.001) and decreasing diameter (6.9% arteriolar and 23% total venous area) with hyperoxia (500 mmHg PETCO2; P < 0.001) to the same extent. This indicates that the resting tonus is near the mid-point of the adjustment ranges at resting PaO2 where sensitivity is maximum. Key points Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in P O 2. Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple P a O 2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen. The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and P a O 2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function. This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid-point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a P ETC O 2 of 32-37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. Retinal blood flow (RBF) increases in response to a reduction in oxygen (hypoxia) but decreases in response to increased oxygen (hyperoxia). However, the relationship between blood flow and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen has not been quantified and modelled in the retina, particularly in the vascular reserve and resting tonus of the vessels. The present study aimed to determine the limitations of the retinal vasculature by modelling the relationship between RBF and oxygen. Retinal vascular responses were measured in 13 subjects for eight different blood gas conditions, with the end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (P ETC O 2) ranging from 40-500 mmHg. Retinal vascular response measurements were repeated twice; using the Canon laser blood flowmeter (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) during the first visit and using Doppler spectral domain optical coherence tomography during the second visit. We determined that the relationship between RBF and P a O 2 can be modelled as a combination of hyperbolic and linear functions. We concluded that RBF compensated for decreases in arterial oxygen content for all stages of hypoxia used in the present study but can no longer compensate below a P ETC O 2 of 32-37 mmHg. These vessels have a great vascular range of adjustment, increasing diameter (8.5% arteriolar and 21% total venous area) with hypoxia (40 mmHg P ETC O 2; P < 0.001) and decreasing diameter (6.9% arteriolar and 23% total venous area) with hyperoxia (500 mmHg P ETC O 2; P < 0.001) to the same extent. This indicates that the resting tonus is near the mid-point of the adjustment ranges at resting P a O 2 where sensitivity is maximum. Key points Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in P O 2. Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple P a O 2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen. The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and P a O 2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function. This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid-point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a P ETC O 2 of 32-37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in PO2.Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple PaO2 stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen.The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and PaO2, showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function.This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid‐point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a P ETC O2 of 32–37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. |
| Author | Hudson, Chris Tsui, Edmund Fisher, Joseph A. Cheng, Richard W. Jong, Monica Duffin, James Yusof, Firdaus Flanagan, John G. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada 5 Department of Optometry and Visual Science International Islamic University of Malaysia Bandar Indera Mahkota Pahang Malaysia 6 Brien Holden Vision Institute University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia 4 Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada 2 Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada 8 School of Optometry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA 7 Thornhill Research Inc Toronto ON Canada 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada 9 Department of Anesthesiology Toronto General Hospital Toronto ON Canada |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 7 Thornhill Research Inc Toronto ON Canada – name: 6 Brien Holden Vision Institute University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia – name: 5 Department of Optometry and Visual Science International Islamic University of Malaysia Bandar Indera Mahkota Pahang Malaysia – name: 9 Department of Anesthesiology Toronto General Hospital Toronto ON Canada – name: 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada – name: 4 Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada – name: 3 School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada – name: 2 Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada – name: 8 School of Optometry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Richard W. surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Richard W. organization: University of Waterloo – sequence: 2 givenname: Firdaus surname: Yusof fullname: Yusof, Firdaus organization: International Islamic University of Malaysia – sequence: 3 givenname: Edmund surname: Tsui fullname: Tsui, Edmund organization: University Health Network – sequence: 4 givenname: Monica surname: Jong fullname: Jong, Monica organization: Brien Holden Vision Institute – sequence: 5 givenname: James surname: Duffin fullname: Duffin, James organization: Toronto General Hospital – sequence: 6 givenname: John G. surname: Flanagan fullname: Flanagan, John G. organization: University of California Berkeley – sequence: 7 givenname: Joseph A. surname: Fisher fullname: Fisher, Joseph A. organization: Toronto General Hospital – sequence: 8 givenname: Chris surname: Hudson fullname: Hudson, Chris organization: University of Toronto |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26607393$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of... Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment... Key points Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of... KEY POINTSVascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Physiology Humans Hypoxia Hypoxia - physiopathology Oxygen - physiology Regional Blood Flow - physiology Research Paper Retina - physiology Retinal Vessels - physiology Vasculature Young Adult |
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| Title | Relationship between retinal blood flow and arterial oxygen |
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