Sex differences in lipid metabolism and metabolic disease risk
The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are gener...
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| Published in | Biochemistry and cell biology Vol. 90; no. 2; pp. 124 - 141 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Canada
NRC Research Press
01.04.2012
Canadian Science Publishing NRC Research Press |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0829-8211 1208-6002 1208-6002 |
| DOI | 10.1139/o11-067 |
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| Abstract | The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors. |
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| AbstractList | The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors. The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors. Key words: sex differences, lipid metabolism, gene expression, metabolic disease, nutrient-gene interactions. La capacite des nutriments a reguler certaines voies metaboliques specifiques est souvent masquee par leur role dans l'alimentation de base. Consequemment, les mecanismes par lesquels ces nutriments protegent ou favorisent une variete de syndromes metaboliques acquis demeurent peu compris. Avant la menopause, les femmes sont generalement protegees des effets nocifs de l'obesite, meme si elles accumulent davantage de graisse que les hommes. La menopause est souvent associee a une redistribution corporelle des graisses et a une augmentation graduelle de susceptibilite aux complications metaboliques, pour finalement atteindre un point ou les femmes et les hommes presentent les memes risques. Ces phenomenes ne sont pas uniquement expliques par des changements de preference ou de ration alimentaires, suggerant un role important des hormones sexuelles dans la regulation de la destinee metabolique des nutriments et dans la protection envers la pathophysiologie des maladies metaboliques. Nous discutons ici de quelle maniere les differences dans l'acquisition, l'acheminement et le metabolisme subcellulaire des gras et d'autres nutriments liposolubles dans les principaux systemes organiques peuvent creer des phenotypes manifestes specifiques au sexe, moduler les risques de maladies metaboliques et contribuer a la progression de l'obesite dans un societe moderne sedentaire. L'identification des mecanismes moleculaires situes a la base des differences sexuelles dans le metabolisme des graisses necessite de decortiquer les interactions entre les effets des chromosomes sexuels, de l'environnement hormonal et de la composition de la diete. La comprehension des mecanismes qui donnent lieu aux differences sexuelles dans le metabolisme aidera a rationaliser les strategies de traitement pour la prise en charge des facteurs de risque de developpement de maladies metaboliques specifiques au sexe. Mots-cles : differences sexuelles, metabolisme des lipides, expression genique, maladie metabolique, interactions gene- nutriment. [Traduit par la Redaction] The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors.The ability of nutrients to regulate specific metabolic pathways is often overshadowed by their role in basic sustenance. Consequently, the mechanisms whereby these nutrients protect against or promote a variety of acquired metabolic syndromes remains poorly understood. Premenopausal women are generally protected from the adverse effects of obesity despite having a greater proportion of body fat than men. Menopause is often associated with a transformation in body fat morphology and a gradual increase in the susceptibility to metabolic complications, eventually reaching the point where women and men are at equal risk. These phenomena are not explained solely by changes in food preference or nutrient intake suggesting an important role for the sex hormones in regulating the metabolic fate of nutrients and protecting against metabolic disease pathophysiology. Here, we discuss how differences in the acquisition, trafficking, and subceullular metabolism of fats and other lipid soluble nutrients in major organ systems can create overt sex-specific phenotypes, modulate metabolic disease risk, and contribute to the rise in obesity in the modern sedentary climate. Identifying the molecular mechanisms underpinning sex differences in fat metabolism requires the unravelling of the interactions among sex chromosome effects, the hormonal milieu, and diet composition. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in metabolism will help to rationalize treatment strategies for the management of sex-specific metabolic disease risk factors. |
| Abstract_FL | La capacité des nutriments à réguler certaines voies métaboliques spécifiques est souvent masquée par leur rôle dans l’alimentation de base. Conséquemment, les mécanismes par lesquels ces nutriments protègent ou favorisent une variété de syndromes métaboliques acquis demeurent peu compris. Avant la ménopause, les femmes sont généralement protégées des effets nocifs de l’obésité, même si elles accumulent davantage de graisse que les hommes. La ménopause est souvent associée à une redistribution corporelle des graisses et à une augmentation graduelle de susceptibilité aux complications métaboliques, pour finalement atteindre un point où les femmes et les hommes présentent les mêmes risques. Ces phénomènes ne sont pas uniquement expliqués par des changements de préférence ou de ration alimentaires, suggérant un rôle important des hormones sexuelles dans la régulation de la destinée métabolique des nutriments et dans la protection envers la pathophysiologie des maladies métaboliques. Nous discutons ici de quelle manière les différences dans l’acquisition, l’acheminement et le métabolisme subcellulaire des gras et d’autres nutriments liposolubles dans les principaux systèmes organiques peuvent créer des phénotypes manifestes spécifiques au sexe, moduler les risques de maladies métaboliques et contribuer à la progression de l’obésité dans un société moderne sédentaire. L’identification des mécanismes moléculaires situés à la base des différences sexuelles dans le métabolisme des graisses nécessite de décortiquer les interactions entre les effets des chromosomes sexuels, de l’environnement hormonal et de la composition de la diète. La compréhension des mécanismes qui donnent lieu aux différences sexuelles dans le métabolisme aidera à rationaliser les stratégies de traitement pour la prise en charge des facteurs de risque de développement de maladies métaboliques spécifiques au sexe. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Agellon, Luis B. Sugiyama, Michael G. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Michael G. surname: Sugiyama fullname: Sugiyama, Michael G. – sequence: 2 givenname: Luis B. surname: Agellon fullname: Agellon, Luis B. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221155$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Body fat Chromosomes Composition Development and progression différences sexuelles Disorders Energy Metabolism Epigenesis, Genetic expression génique Fat metabolism Food intake Food preferences Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism Gastrointestinal Tract - physiopathology Gender differences gene expression Genotype & phenotype Health aspects Health risks Hormones Hormones - metabolism Hormones - physiology Humans Incidence interactions gène-nutriment Lipid Metabolism Lipids maladie métabolique Men Menopause metabolic disease Metabolic diseases Metabolic Diseases - epidemiology Metabolic Diseases - etiology Metabolic Diseases - genetics Metabolic Diseases - metabolism Metabolic disorders Metabolic pathways Metabolic syndrome Metabolism Molecular modelling métabolisme des lipides nutrient-gene interactions Nutrients Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - genetics Obesity Phenotypes Physiological aspects Risk Factors Sex Characteristics Sex chromosomes Sex differences Sex hormones Women |
| Title | Sex differences in lipid metabolism and metabolic disease risk |
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