Type I hyperprolinemia: genotype/phenotype correlations

Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals o...

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Published inHuman mutation Vol. 31; no. 8; pp. 961 - 965
Main Authors Guilmatre, Audrey, Legallic, Solenn, Steel, Gary, Willis, Alecia, Di Rosa, Gabriella, Goldenberg, Alice, Drouin-Garraud, Valérie, Guet, Agnès, Mignot, Cyril, Des Portes, Vincent, Valayannopoulos, Vassili, Van Maldergem, Lionel, Hoffman, Jodi D, Izzi, Claudia, Espil-Taris, Caroline, Orcesi, Simona, Bonafé, Luisa, Le Galloudec, Eric, Maurey, Hélène, Ioos, Christine, Afenjar, Alexandra, Blanchet, Patricia, Echenne, Bernard, Roubertie, Agathe, Frebourg, Thierry, Valle, David, Campion, Dominique
Format Journal Article Web Resource
LanguageEnglish
Published Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.08.2010
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Wiley
Wiley Liss
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1059-7794
1098-1004
1098-1004
DOI10.1002/humu.21296

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Abstract Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity ≥50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia. Hum Mutat 31:961-965, 2010.
AbstractList Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity > or = 50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia.Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity > or = 50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia.
Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity ≥50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia. Hum Mutat 31:961-965, 2010.
Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. 8/14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for 6 novel mutations and 2 haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. 8 out of 9 subjects with a predicted residual activity ≥50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia.
Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity ≥50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia. Hum Mutat 31:961-965, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity > or = 50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia.
Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity >=50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia. Hum Mutat 31:961-965, 2010. [copy 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Author Des Portes, Vincent
Legallic, Solenn
Guilmatre, Audrey
Bonafé, Luisa
Goldenberg, Alice
Le Galloudec, Eric
Izzi, Claudia
Espil-Taris, Caroline
Hoffman, Jodi D
Frebourg, Thierry
Maurey, Hélène
Guet, Agnès
Blanchet, Patricia
Van Maldergem, Lionel
Roubertie, Agathe
Mignot, Cyril
Afenjar, Alexandra
Orcesi, Simona
Campion, Dominique
Di Rosa, Gabriella
Ioos, Christine
Echenne, Bernard
Valayannopoulos, Vassili
Valle, David
Steel, Gary
Willis, Alecia
Drouin-Garraud, Valérie
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Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.21296
Communicated by Arnold Munnich
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A. Guilmatre and S. Legallic contributed equally to this work.
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PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2010-08-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 08
  year: 2010
  text: August 2010
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Hoboken
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Hoboken
– name: United States
PublicationTitle Human mutation
PublicationTitleAlternate Hum. Mutat
PublicationYear 2010
Publisher Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Wiley
Wiley Liss
Publisher_xml – name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
– name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
– name: Wiley
– name: Wiley Liss
References Jacquet H, Raux G, Thibaut F, Hecketsweiler B, Houy E, Demilly C, Haouzir S, Allio G, Fouldrin G, Drouin V, Bou J, Petit M, Campion D, Frebourg T. 2002. Prodh mutations and hyperprolinemia in a subset of schizophrenic patients. Hum Mol Genet 11:2243-2249.
Hawkins RA, O'Kane RL, Simpson IA, Vina JR. 2006. Structure of the blood-brain barrier and its role in the transport of amino acids. J Nutr 136:218S-226S.
Raux G, Bumsel E, Hecketsweiler B, van Amelsvoort T, Zinkstok J, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Fantini C, Breviere GM, Di Rosa G, Pustorino G, Vogels A, Swillen A, Legallic S, Bou J, Opolczynski G, Drouin-Garraud V, Lemarchand M, Philip N, Gerard-Desplanches A, Carlier M, Philippe A, Nolen MC, Heron D, Sarda P, Lacombe D, Coizet C, Alembik Y, Layet V, Afenjar A, Hannequin D, Demily C, Petit M, Thibaut F, Frebourg T, Campion D. 2007. Involvement of hyperprolinemia in cognitive and psychiatric features of the 22q11 deletion syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 16:83-91.
Schafer IA, Scriver CR, Efron ML. 1962. Familial hyperprolinemia, cerebral dysfunction and renal anomalies occuring in a family with hereditary nephropathy and deafness. N Engl J Med 267:51-60.
Phang JM, Downing SJ, Valle DL, Kowaloff EM. 1975. A radioisotopic assay for proline oxidase activity. J Lab Clin Med 85:312-317.
Jacquet H, Demily C, Houy E, Hecketsweiler B, Bou J, Raux G, Lerond J, Allio G, Haouzir S, Tillaux A, Bellegou C, Fouldrin G, Delamillieure P, Menard JF, Dollfus S, D'Amato T, Petit M, Thibaut F, Frebourg T, Campion D. 2005. Hyperprolinemia is a risk factor for schizoaffective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 10:479-485.
Ohtsuki T, Tanaka S, Ishiguro H, Noguchi E, Arinami T, Tanabe E, Yara K, Okubo T, Takahashi S, Matsuura M, Sakai T, Muto M, Kojima T, Matsushima E, Toru M, Inada T. 2004. Failure to find association between prodh deletion and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 67:111-113.
Humbertclaude V, Rivier F, Roubertie A, Echenne B, Bellet H, Vallat C, Morin D. 2001. Is hyperprolinemia type I actually a benign trait? Report of a case with severe neurologic involvement and vigabatrin intolerance. J Child Neurol 16:622-623.
Valle D, Downing SJ, Phang JM. 1973. Proline inhibition of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase: differences in enzymes obtained from animal and tissue culture sources. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 54:1418-1424.
Efron ML. 1965. Familial hyperprolinemia. report of a second case, associated with congenital renal malformations, hereditary hematuria and mild mental retardation, with demonstration of an enzyme defect. N Engl J Med 272:1243-1254.
Maynard TM, Haskell GT, Peters AZ, Sikich L, Lieberman JA, LaMantia A. 2003. A comprehensive analysis of 22q11 gene expression in the developing and adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:14433-14438.
Bender H, Almashanu S, Steel G, Hu C, Lin W, Willis A, Pulver A, Valle D. 2005. Functional consequences of prodh missense mutations. Am J Hum Genet 76:409-420.
Hoogendoorn B, Coleman SL, Guy CA, Smith SK, O'Donovan MC, Buckland PR. 2004. Functional analysis of polymorphisms in the promoter regions of genes on 22q11. Hum Mutat 24:35-42.
Goodman BK, Rutberg J, Lin WW, Pulver AE, Thomas GH. 2000. Hyperprolinaemia in patients with deletion (22)(q11.2) syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 23:847-848.
Guilmatre A, Dubourg C, Mosca A, Legallic S, Goldenberg A, Drouin-Garraud V, Layet V, Rosier A, Briault S, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Laumonnier F, Odent S, Le Vacon G, Joly-Helas G, David V, Bendavid C, Pinoit J, Henry C, Impallomeni C, Germano E, Tortorella G, Di Rosa G, Barthelemy C, Andres C, Faivre L, Frebourg T, Saugier Veber P, Campion D. 2009. Recurrent rearrangements in synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes and shared biologic pathways in schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:947-956.
Jacquet H, Berthelot J, Bonnemains C, Simard G, Saugier-Veber P, Raux G, Campion D, Bonneau D, Frebourg T. 2003. The severe form of type I hyperprolinaemia results from homozygous inactivation of the prodh gene. J Med Genet 40:e7.
Campbell HD, Webb GC, Young IG. 1997. A human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster sluggish-a (proline oxidase) gene maps to 22q11.2, and is a candidate gene for type-I hyperprolinaemia. Hum Genet 101:69-74.
Liu H, Abecasis GR, Heath SC, Knowles A, Demars S, Chen Y, Roos JL, Rapoport JL, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. 2002. Genetic variation in the 22q11 locus and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16859-16864.
Murphy KC, Jones LA, Owen MJ. 1999. High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:940-945.
Tournier I, Vezain M, Martins A, Charbonnier F, Baert-Desurmont S, Olschwang S, Wang Q, Buisine MP, Soret J, Tazi J, Frebourg T, Tosi M. 2008. A large fraction of unclassified variants of the mismatch repair genes mlh1 and msh2 is associated with splicing defects. Hum Mutat 29:1412-1424.
Mollica F, Pavone L. 1976. Hyperprolinaemia: a disease which does not need treatment?. Acta Paediatr Scand 65:206-208.
Gogos JA, Santha M, Takacs Z, Beck KD, Luine V, Lucas LR, Nadler JV, Karayiorgou M. 1999. The gene encoding proline dehydrogenase modulates sensorimotor gating in mice. Nat Genet 21:434-439.
1976; 65
2009; 66
1962; 267
2001
1973; 54
2000; 23
2008; 29
1965; 272
2004; 67
1997; 101
2004; 24
2002; 11
2002; 99
1999; 56
2005; 76
1999; 21
2005; 10
2001; 16
1975; 85
2003; 40
2003; 100
2006; 136
2007; 16
Valle (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB23|cit23) 1973; 54
Hawkins (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB7|cit7) 2006; 136
Gogos (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB4|cit4) 1999; 21
Phang (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB19|cit19) 2001
Guilmatre (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB6|cit6) 2009; 66
Bender (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB1|cit1) 2005; 76
Goodman (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB5|cit5) 2000; 23
Raux (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB20|cit20) 2007; 16
Tournier (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB22|cit22) 2008; 29
Mollica (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB15|cit15) 1976; 65
Jacquet (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB12|cit12) 2002; 11
Ohtsuki (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB17|cit17) 2004; 67
Liu (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB13|cit13) 2002; 99
Campbell (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB2|cit2) 1997; 101
Jacquet (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB10|cit10) 2003; 40
Hoogendoorn (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB8|cit8) 2004; 24
Efron (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB3|cit3) 1965; 272
Jacquet (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB11|cit11) 2005; 10
Maynard (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB14|cit14) 2003; 100
Schafer (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB21|cit21) 1962; 267
Phang (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB18|cit18) 1975; 85
Humbertclaude (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB9|cit9) 2001; 16
Murphy (10.1002/humu.21296-BIB16|cit16) 1999; 56
References_xml – reference: Liu H, Abecasis GR, Heath SC, Knowles A, Demars S, Chen Y, Roos JL, Rapoport JL, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. 2002. Genetic variation in the 22q11 locus and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16859-16864.
– reference: Guilmatre A, Dubourg C, Mosca A, Legallic S, Goldenberg A, Drouin-Garraud V, Layet V, Rosier A, Briault S, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Laumonnier F, Odent S, Le Vacon G, Joly-Helas G, David V, Bendavid C, Pinoit J, Henry C, Impallomeni C, Germano E, Tortorella G, Di Rosa G, Barthelemy C, Andres C, Faivre L, Frebourg T, Saugier Veber P, Campion D. 2009. Recurrent rearrangements in synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes and shared biologic pathways in schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:947-956.
– reference: Campbell HD, Webb GC, Young IG. 1997. A human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster sluggish-a (proline oxidase) gene maps to 22q11.2, and is a candidate gene for type-I hyperprolinaemia. Hum Genet 101:69-74.
– reference: Humbertclaude V, Rivier F, Roubertie A, Echenne B, Bellet H, Vallat C, Morin D. 2001. Is hyperprolinemia type I actually a benign trait? Report of a case with severe neurologic involvement and vigabatrin intolerance. J Child Neurol 16:622-623.
– reference: Hoogendoorn B, Coleman SL, Guy CA, Smith SK, O'Donovan MC, Buckland PR. 2004. Functional analysis of polymorphisms in the promoter regions of genes on 22q11. Hum Mutat 24:35-42.
– reference: Gogos JA, Santha M, Takacs Z, Beck KD, Luine V, Lucas LR, Nadler JV, Karayiorgou M. 1999. The gene encoding proline dehydrogenase modulates sensorimotor gating in mice. Nat Genet 21:434-439.
– reference: Phang JM, Downing SJ, Valle DL, Kowaloff EM. 1975. A radioisotopic assay for proline oxidase activity. J Lab Clin Med 85:312-317.
– reference: Raux G, Bumsel E, Hecketsweiler B, van Amelsvoort T, Zinkstok J, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Fantini C, Breviere GM, Di Rosa G, Pustorino G, Vogels A, Swillen A, Legallic S, Bou J, Opolczynski G, Drouin-Garraud V, Lemarchand M, Philip N, Gerard-Desplanches A, Carlier M, Philippe A, Nolen MC, Heron D, Sarda P, Lacombe D, Coizet C, Alembik Y, Layet V, Afenjar A, Hannequin D, Demily C, Petit M, Thibaut F, Frebourg T, Campion D. 2007. Involvement of hyperprolinemia in cognitive and psychiatric features of the 22q11 deletion syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 16:83-91.
– reference: Efron ML. 1965. Familial hyperprolinemia. report of a second case, associated with congenital renal malformations, hereditary hematuria and mild mental retardation, with demonstration of an enzyme defect. N Engl J Med 272:1243-1254.
– reference: Ohtsuki T, Tanaka S, Ishiguro H, Noguchi E, Arinami T, Tanabe E, Yara K, Okubo T, Takahashi S, Matsuura M, Sakai T, Muto M, Kojima T, Matsushima E, Toru M, Inada T. 2004. Failure to find association between prodh deletion and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 67:111-113.
– reference: Bender H, Almashanu S, Steel G, Hu C, Lin W, Willis A, Pulver A, Valle D. 2005. Functional consequences of prodh missense mutations. Am J Hum Genet 76:409-420.
– reference: Hawkins RA, O'Kane RL, Simpson IA, Vina JR. 2006. Structure of the blood-brain barrier and its role in the transport of amino acids. J Nutr 136:218S-226S.
– reference: Tournier I, Vezain M, Martins A, Charbonnier F, Baert-Desurmont S, Olschwang S, Wang Q, Buisine MP, Soret J, Tazi J, Frebourg T, Tosi M. 2008. A large fraction of unclassified variants of the mismatch repair genes mlh1 and msh2 is associated with splicing defects. Hum Mutat 29:1412-1424.
– reference: Valle D, Downing SJ, Phang JM. 1973. Proline inhibition of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase: differences in enzymes obtained from animal and tissue culture sources. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 54:1418-1424.
– reference: Jacquet H, Raux G, Thibaut F, Hecketsweiler B, Houy E, Demilly C, Haouzir S, Allio G, Fouldrin G, Drouin V, Bou J, Petit M, Campion D, Frebourg T. 2002. Prodh mutations and hyperprolinemia in a subset of schizophrenic patients. Hum Mol Genet 11:2243-2249.
– reference: Murphy KC, Jones LA, Owen MJ. 1999. High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:940-945.
– reference: Jacquet H, Demily C, Houy E, Hecketsweiler B, Bou J, Raux G, Lerond J, Allio G, Haouzir S, Tillaux A, Bellegou C, Fouldrin G, Delamillieure P, Menard JF, Dollfus S, D'Amato T, Petit M, Thibaut F, Frebourg T, Campion D. 2005. Hyperprolinemia is a risk factor for schizoaffective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 10:479-485.
– reference: Mollica F, Pavone L. 1976. Hyperprolinaemia: a disease which does not need treatment?. Acta Paediatr Scand 65:206-208.
– reference: Schafer IA, Scriver CR, Efron ML. 1962. Familial hyperprolinemia, cerebral dysfunction and renal anomalies occuring in a family with hereditary nephropathy and deafness. N Engl J Med 267:51-60.
– reference: Goodman BK, Rutberg J, Lin WW, Pulver AE, Thomas GH. 2000. Hyperprolinaemia in patients with deletion (22)(q11.2) syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 23:847-848.
– reference: Maynard TM, Haskell GT, Peters AZ, Sikich L, Lieberman JA, LaMantia A. 2003. A comprehensive analysis of 22q11 gene expression in the developing and adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:14433-14438.
– reference: Jacquet H, Berthelot J, Bonnemains C, Simard G, Saugier-Veber P, Raux G, Campion D, Bonneau D, Frebourg T. 2003. The severe form of type I hyperprolinaemia results from homozygous inactivation of the prodh gene. J Med Genet 40:e7.
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  year: 2004
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  publication-title: J Child Neurol
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  doi: 10.1177/088307380101600820
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  year: 2004
  ident: 10.1002/humu.21296-BIB8|cit8
  article-title: Functional analysis of polymorphisms in the promoter regions of genes on 22q11
  publication-title: Hum Mutat
  doi: 10.1002/humu.20061
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Snippet Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline...
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StartPage 961
SubjectTerms 22q11
Adolescent
Adult
Alleles
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors - enzymology
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors - genetics
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/enzymology/genetics
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Cognitive science
Female
Genetic Association Studies
Genetics & genetic processes
Genotype & phenotype
Génétique & processus génétiques
Humans
Infant
Life sciences
Male
Mutation
Mutation, Missense - genetics
Neuroscience
POX enzymatic activity
PRODH
Proline - metabolism
Proline Oxidase - genetics
Sciences du vivant
type I hyperprolinemia
Title Type I hyperprolinemia: genotype/phenotype correlations
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-1308DNHV-X/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fhumu.21296
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20524212
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1766828625
https://www.proquest.com/docview/734000565
https://www.proquest.com/docview/888100696
https://hal.science/hal-00599468
http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/82733
Volume 31
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