Patterns of type 2 diabetes risk factors using latent class analysis (LCA) model: a population-based study in the South of Iran, Kharameh cohort population
Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population. Methods This population-based study used baseline data from...
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| Published in | BMC public health Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 2473 - 10 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
16.07.2025
BioMed Central Ltd Springer Nature B.V BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1471-2458 1471-2458 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12889-025-23576-5 |
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| Abstract | Background
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population.
Methods
This population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population.
Results
This study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40–49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle.
Conclusions
This study’s central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population. Methods This population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population. Results This study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) [greater than or equal to] 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40-49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle. Conclusions This study's central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Risk Factors, Latent Class Analysis Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population. Methods This population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population. Results This study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40–49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle. Conclusions This study’s central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population.BACKGROUNDType 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population.This population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population.METHODSThis population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population.This study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40-49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle.RESULTSThis study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40-49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle.This study's central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D.CONCLUSIONSThis study's central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. BackgroundType 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population.MethodsThis population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population.ResultsThis study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40–49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle.ConclusionsThis study’s central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population. This population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population. This study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40-49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle. This study's central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population. This population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population. This study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) [greater than or equal to] 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40-49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle. This study's central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. Abstract Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class (LC) patterns of risk factors for T2D in the Kharameh cohort population. Methods This population-based study used baseline data from the Kharamah cohort, which included 9,022 participants after excluding those with pre-existing or baseline-diagnosed T2D. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to categorize subgroups of T2D risk factors within the population. Results This study analyzed 9,022 participants (47.0% male, 53.0% female) after excluding pre-existing diabetes and those with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) ≥ 125 mg/dL at baseline (diagnosed as diabetic at study entry). The largest age group was 40–49 years (47.0%). Among all participants, 23.0% had hypertension, 6.8% exhibited high total cholesterol, 19.5% had high FBS, and 69.6% had abdominal obesity. Additionally, 25.4% were smoking status, 4.0% reported alcohol consumption, and 52.0% engaged in high or severe levels of physical activity. LCA identified three distinct classes: 1. Low-Risk (about 33.0%): Individuals engaging in high/severe physical activity, 2. Clinical-Risk (about 6.0%): Those with abnormal lipid profiles and elevated FBS, 3. Lifestyle-Risk (about 61.0%): Individuals exhibiting an unhealthy lifestyle. Conclusions This study’s central finding highlights the pivotal role of physical activity in preventing or delaying the onset of T2D. Therefore, promoting physical activity, in collaboration with managing clinical and lifestyle risk factors, is essential for preventing and effectively managing T2D. |
| ArticleNumber | 2473 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Vali, Mohebat Ghaem, Haleh Rezaianzadeh, Abbas Ariamanesh, Yasaman |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yasaman surname: Ariamanesh fullname: Ariamanesh, Yasaman organization: Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohebat surname: Vali fullname: Vali, Mohebat organization: Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences – sequence: 3 givenname: Abbas surname: Rezaianzadeh fullname: Rezaianzadeh, Abbas organization: Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences – sequence: 4 givenname: Haleh surname: Ghaem fullname: Ghaem, Haleh email: ghaemh@sums.ac.ir organization: Department of Epidemiology, School of Health,Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40671026$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the... Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the latent class... Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the... BackgroundType 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify the... Abstract Background Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disorder that decreases life expectancy and increases mortality. This study sought to identify... |
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| Title | Patterns of type 2 diabetes risk factors using latent class analysis (LCA) model: a population-based study in the South of Iran, Kharameh cohort population |
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