How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse
In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium o...
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| Published in | Environmental microbiology Vol. 10; no. 10; pp. 2659 - 2669 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.10.2008
Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1462-2912 1462-2920 1462-2920 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01687.x |
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| Abstract | In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium of the Asian bee Apis cerana, seems to have colonized A. mellifera, and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. For first time, we show that natural N. ceranae infection can cause the sudden collapse of bee colonies, establishing a direct correlation between N. ceranae infection and the death of honeybee colonies under field conditions. Signs of colony weakness were not evident until the queen could no longer replace the loss of the infected bees. The long asymptomatic incubation period can explain the absence of evident symptoms prior to colony collapse. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that healthy colonies near to an infected one can also become infected, and that N. ceranae infection can be controlled with a specific antibiotic, fumagillin. Moreover, the administration of 120 mg of fumagillin has proven to eliminate the infection, but it cannot avoid reinfection after 6 months. We provide Koch's postulates between N. ceranae infection and a syndrome with a long incubation period involving continuous death of adult bees, non-stop brood rearing by the bees and colony loss in winter or early spring despite the presence of sufficient remaining pollen and honey. |
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| AbstractList | Summary
In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium of the Asian bee Apis cerana, seems to have colonized A. mellifera, and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. For first time, we show that natural N. ceranae infection can cause the sudden collapse of bee colonies, establishing a direct correlation between N. ceranae infection and the death of honeybee colonies under field conditions. Signs of colony weakness were not evident until the queen could no longer replace the loss of the infected bees. The long asymptomatic incubation period can explain the absence of evident symptoms prior to colony collapse. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that healthy colonies near to an infected one can also become infected, and that N. ceranae infection can be controlled with a specific antibiotic, fumagillin. Moreover, the administration of 120 mg of fumagillin has proven to eliminate the infection, but it cannot avoid reinfection after 6 months. We provide Koch's postulates between N. ceranae infection and a syndrome with a long incubation period involving continuous death of adult bees, non‐stop brood rearing by the bees and colony loss in winter or early spring despite the presence of sufficient remaining pollen and honey. In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium of the Asian bee Apis cerana, seems to have colonized A. mellifera, and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. For first time, we show that natural N. ceranae infection can cause the sudden collapse of bee colonies, establishing a direct correlation between N. ceranae infection and the death of honeybee colonies under field conditions. Signs of colony weakness were not evident until the queen could no longer replace the loss of the infected bees. The long asymptomatic incubation period can explain the absence of evident symptoms prior to colony collapse. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that healthy colonies near to an infected one can also become infected, and that N. ceranae infection can be controlled with a specific antibiotic, fumagillin. Moreover, the administration of 120mg of fumagillin has proven to eliminate the infection, but it cannot avoid reinfection after 6months. We provide Koch's postulates between N. ceranae infection and a syndrome with a long incubation period involving continuous death of adult bees, non-stop brood rearing by the bees and colony loss in winter or early spring despite the presence of sufficient remaining pollen and honey. In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium of the Asian bee Apis cerana, seems to have colonized A. mellifera, and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. For first time, we show that natural N. ceranae infection can cause the sudden collapse of bee colonies, establishing a direct correlation between N. ceranae infection and the death of honeybee colonies under field conditions. Signs of colony weakness were not evident until the queen could no longer replace the loss of the infected bees. The long asymptomatic incubation period can explain the absence of evident symptoms prior to colony collapse. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that healthy colonies near to an infected one can also become infected, and that N. ceranae infection can be controlled with a specific antibiotic, fumagillin. Moreover, the administration of 120 mg of fumagillin has proven to eliminate the infection, but it cannot avoid reinfection after 6 months. We provide Koch's postulates between N. ceranae infection and a syndrome with a long incubation period involving continuous death of adult bees, non-stop brood rearing by the bees and colony loss in winter or early spring despite the presence of sufficient remaining pollen and honey. In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium of the Asian bee Apis cerana, seems to have colonized A. mellifera, and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. For first time, we show that natural N. ceranae infection can cause the sudden collapse of bee colonies, establishing a direct correlation between N. ceranae infection and the death of honeybee colonies under field conditions. Signs of colony weakness were not evident until the queen could no longer replace the loss of the infected bees. The long asymptomatic incubation period can explain the absence of evident symptoms prior to colony collapse. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that healthy colonies near to an infected one can also become infected, and that N. ceranae infection can be controlled with a specific antibiotic, fumagillin. Moreover, the administration of 120 mg of fumagillin has proven to eliminate the infection, but it cannot avoid reinfection after 6 months. We provide Koch's postulates between N. ceranae infection and a syndrome with a long incubation period involving continuous death of adult bees, non-stop brood rearing by the bees and colony loss in winter or early spring despite the presence of sufficient remaining pollen and honey.In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidium of the Asian bee Apis cerana, seems to have colonized A. mellifera, and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. For first time, we show that natural N. ceranae infection can cause the sudden collapse of bee colonies, establishing a direct correlation between N. ceranae infection and the death of honeybee colonies under field conditions. Signs of colony weakness were not evident until the queen could no longer replace the loss of the infected bees. The long asymptomatic incubation period can explain the absence of evident symptoms prior to colony collapse. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that healthy colonies near to an infected one can also become infected, and that N. ceranae infection can be controlled with a specific antibiotic, fumagillin. Moreover, the administration of 120 mg of fumagillin has proven to eliminate the infection, but it cannot avoid reinfection after 6 months. We provide Koch's postulates between N. ceranae infection and a syndrome with a long incubation period involving continuous death of adult bees, non-stop brood rearing by the bees and colony loss in winter or early spring despite the presence of sufficient remaining pollen and honey. In recent years, honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The precise aetiology underlying the disappearance of the bees remains a mystery. However, during the same period, Nosema ceranae , a microsporidium of the Asian bee Apis cerana , seems to have colonized A. mellifera , and it's now frequently detected all over the world in both healthy and weak honeybee colonies. For first time, we show that natural N. ceranae infection can cause the sudden collapse of bee colonies, establishing a direct correlation between N. ceranae infection and the death of honeybee colonies under field conditions. Signs of colony weakness were not evident until the queen could no longer replace the loss of the infected bees. The long asymptomatic incubation period can explain the absence of evident symptoms prior to colony collapse. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that healthy colonies near to an infected one can also become infected, and that N. ceranae infection can be controlled with a specific antibiotic, fumagillin. Moreover, the administration of 120 mg of fumagillin has proven to eliminate the infection, but it cannot avoid reinfection after 6 months. We provide Koch's postulates between N. ceranae infection and a syndrome with a long incubation period involving continuous death of adult bees, non‐stop brood rearing by the bees and colony loss in winter or early spring despite the presence of sufficient remaining pollen and honey. |
| Author | González-Porto, Amelia V del Nozal, M. Jesús Bailón, Encarna Garrido Jiménez, Juan J Palencia, Pilar García Higes, Mariano Martín-Hernández, Raquel Meana, Aránzazu Botías, Cristina Bernal, José L Barrios, Laura |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Higes, Mariano – sequence: 2 fullname: Martín-Hernández, Raquel – sequence: 3 fullname: Botías, Cristina – sequence: 4 fullname: Bailón, Encarna Garrido – sequence: 5 fullname: González-Porto, Amelia V – sequence: 6 fullname: Barrios, Laura – sequence: 7 fullname: del Nozal, M. Jesús – sequence: 8 fullname: Bernal, José L – sequence: 9 fullname: Jiménez, Juan J – sequence: 10 fullname: Palencia, Pilar García – sequence: 11 fullname: Meana, Aránzazu |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647336$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| References | Liu, T.P. (1984) Ultrastructure of the midgut of the worker honey bee Apis mellifera heavily infected with Nosema apis. J Invertebr Pathol 44: 282-291. Pickard, R.S., and El-Shemy, A.A.M. (1989) Seasonal variation in the infection of honeybee colonies with Nosema apis Zander. J Apic Res 28: 93-100. Martín-Hernández, R., Meana, A., Prieto, L., Martínez Salvador, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., and Higes, M. (2007) Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 6331-6338. Paxton, R., Klee, J., Korpela, S., and Fries, I. (2007) Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera Europe in at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie 38: 558-565. Chen, Y., Pettis, J.S., Collins, A.M., and Feldlaufer, M.F. (2006) Prevalence and transmission routes of honey bee viruses. App Environ Microbiol 72: 606-611. Bakonyi, T., Frakas, R., Szendroi, A., Dobos-Kovacs, M., and Rusvai, M. 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Jiménez, J.J., Bernal, J.L., del Nozal, M.J., Toribio, L., and Martín, M.T. (1998) Gas chromatography with electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection in the analysis of pesticides in honey after elution from a Florisil column. Influence of the honey matrix on the quantitative results. J Chromatogr A 823: 381-387. Klee, J., Besana, A.M., Genersch, E., Gisder, S., Nanetti, A., Tam, D.Q., et al. (2007) Widespread dispersal of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. J Invertebr Pathol 96: 1-10. Grabensteiner, E., Ritter, W., Carter, M.J., Davison, S., Pechhacker, H., Kolodziejek, J., et al. (2001) Sacbrood virus of the honeybee (Apis mellifera): rapid identification and phylogenetic analysis using reverse transcription-PCR. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8: 93-104. Chauzat, M.P., Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R., Meana, A., Cougoule, N., and Faucon, J.P. (2007) Presence of Nosema ceranae in French honeybee colonies. J Apic Res 46: 127-128. Faucon, J.P., Mathieu, L., Ribiere, M., Martel, A.C., Drajnudel, P., Zeggane, S., et al. (2002) Honey bee winter mortality in France in 1999 and 2000. Bee World 83: 13-23. Amdam, G.A., and Omholt, W. (2003) The hive bee to forager transition in honeybee colonies: the double repressor hypothesis. J Theor Biol 223: 451-464. Hung, A.C.F. (2000) PCR detection of Kashmir bee virus in honey bee excreta. J Apic Res 39: 103-106. Chen, Y.P., and Siede, R. (2007) Honey bee virus. Adv Virus Res 70: 33-80. Hassanein, M.H. (1953) The influence of infection with Nosema apis on the activities and longevity of the worker honeybee. Ann Appl Biol 40: 418-423. Higes, M., Martín, R., and Meana, A. (2006) Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. J Invertebr Pathol 92: 93-95. Benjeddou, M., Leat, N., Allsopp, M., and Davison, S. (2001) Detection of acute paralysis virus and black queen cell virus from honeybees by reverse trasciptase PCR. 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J Invertebr Pathol 97: 186-188. Higes, M., Martín, R., Sanz, A., Alvarez, N., Sanz, A., Garcia, M.P., and Meana, A. (2005) El síndrome de despoblamiento de las colmenas en España. Consideraciones sobre su origen. Vida Apícola 133: 15-21. Jiménez, J.J., Bernal, J.L., del Nozal, M.J., Martín M.T., and Mayo, R. (2007) Comparative study of sample preparation procedures to determine fipronil in pollen by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and electron capture detection. J Chromatogr A 1146: 8-16. Maori, E., Tanne, E., and Sela, I. (2007) Reciprocal sequence exchange between non-retro viruses and hosts leading to the appearance of new host phenotypes. Virology 362: 342-349. Cox-Foster, D.L., Conlan, S., Holmes, E., Palacios, G., Evans, J.D., Moran, N.A., et al. (2007) A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder. Science 318: 283-287. Blanchard, P., Ribiere, M., Celle, O., Lallemand, P., Schurr, F., Olivier, V., et al. 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| References_xml | – reference: Kralj, J., and Fuchs, S. (2006) Parasitic Varroa destructor mites influence flight duration and homing ability of infested Apis mellifera foragers. Apidologie 37: 577-587. – reference: Benjeddou, M., Leat, N., Allsopp, M., and Davison, S. (2001) Detection of acute paralysis virus and black queen cell virus from honeybees by reverse trasciptase PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 2384-2387. – reference: Doull, K.M., and Cellier, K.M. (1961) A survey of the incidence of Nosema disease (Nosema apis Zander) of the honey bee in South Australia. J Insect Pathol 3: 280-288. – reference: Chen, Y., Pettis, J.S., Collins, A.M., and Feldlaufer, M.F. (2006) Prevalence and transmission routes of honey bee viruses. App Environ Microbiol 72: 606-611. – reference: Faucon, J.P., Mathieu, L., Ribiere, M., Martel, A.C., Drajnudel, P., Zeggane, S., et al. (2002) Honey bee winter mortality in France in 1999 and 2000. 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Consideraciones sobre su origen publication-title: Vida Apícola – volume: 92 start-page: 93 year: 2006 end-page: 95 article-title: , a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe publication-title: J Invertebr Pathol – volume: 83 start-page: 13 year: 2002 end-page: 23 article-title: Honey bee winter mortality in France in 1999 and 2000 publication-title: Bee World – ident: e_1_2_5_2_1 doi: 10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00121-8 – ident: e_1_2_5_23_1 doi: 10.1080/00218839.2000.11101029 – ident: e_1_2_5_31_1 doi: 10.1128/AEM.00270-07 – ident: e_1_2_5_37_1 doi: 10.1126/science.316.5827.970 – ident: e_1_2_5_3_1 doi: 10.1051/apido:2001004 – volume: 133 start-page: 15 year: 2005 ident: e_1_2_5_19_1 article-title: El síndrome de despoblamiento de las colmenas en España. 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An Introduction to the Study of Pollen Grains and Spores year: 1969 ident: e_1_2_5_13_1 – volume: 3 start-page: 280 year: 1961 ident: e_1_2_5_11_1 article-title: A survey of the incidence of Nosema disease (Nosema apis Zander) of the honey bee in South Australia publication-title: J Insect Pathol |
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| Snippet | In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The... Summary In recent years, honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died.... In recent years, honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) have been strangely disappearing from their hives, and strong colonies have suddenly become weak and died. The... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals antibiotics Antifungal Agents Antifungal Agents - pharmacology Apis cerana Apis mellifera Bees Bees - microbiology Bees - ultrastructure brood rearing Cyclohexanes Cyclohexanes - pharmacology death disease control etiology Fatty Acids, Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Unsaturated - pharmacology Gastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Tract - pathology honey honey bee colonies honey bees isolation & purification microbiology Microscopy Microscopy, Electron, Transmission Microsporidiosis Microsporidiosis - microbiology Microsporidiosis - pathology Microsporidium Nosema Nosema - isolation & purification Nosema ceranae pathology pharmacology pollen Sesquiterpenes Sesquiterpenes - pharmacology spring ultrastructure winter |
| Title | How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse |
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