Childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced volume in the hippocampal subfields CA3, dentate gyrus, and subiculum

Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the h...

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Published inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 109; no. 9; pp. E563 - E572
Main Authors Teicher, Martin H, Anderson, Carl M, Polcari, Ann
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States National Academy of Sciences 28.02.2012
National Acad Sciences
SeriesPNAS Plus
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0027-8424
1091-6490
1091-6490
DOI10.1073/pnas.1115396109

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Abstract Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparing subjects with high vs. low scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experience study showed an average volume reduction of 6.3% and 6.1% in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG, respectively. Volume reductions in the CA1 and fimbria were 44% and 60% smaller than in the CA2-CA3. Interestingly, maltreatment was associated with 4.2% and 4.3% reductions in the left presubiculum and subiculum, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to early stress in humans, as in other animals, affects hippocampal subfield development.
AbstractList Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparing subjects with high vs. low scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experience study showed an average volume reduction of 6.3% and 6.1% in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG, respectively. Volume reductions in the CA1 and fimbria were 44% and 60% smaller than in the CA2-CA3. Interestingly, maltreatment was associated with 4.2% and 4.3% reductions in the left presubiculum and subiculum, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to early stress in humans, as in other animals, affects hippocampal subfield development.
Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparing subjects with high vs. low scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experience study showed an average volume reduction of 6.3% and 6.1% in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG, respectively. Volume reductions in the CA1 and fimbria were 44% and 60% smaller than in the CA2-CA3. Interestingly, maltreatment was associated with 4.2% and 4.3% reductions in the left presubiculum and subiculum, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to early stress in humans, as in other animals, affects hippocampal subfield development. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparing subjects with high vs. low scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experience study showed an average volume reduction of 6.3% and 6.1% in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG, respectively. Volume reductions in the CA1 and fimbria were 44% and 60% smaller than in the CA2-CA3. Interestingly, maltreatment was associated with 4.2% and 4.3% reductions in the left presubiculum and subiculum, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to early stress in humans, as in other animals, affects hippocampal subfield development.Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparing subjects with high vs. low scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experience study showed an average volume reduction of 6.3% and 6.1% in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG, respectively. Volume reductions in the CA1 and fimbria were 44% and 60% smaller than in the CA2-CA3. Interestingly, maltreatment was associated with 4.2% and 4.3% reductions in the left presubiculum and subiculum, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to early stress in humans, as in other animals, affects hippocampal subfield development.
Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparing subjects with high vs. low scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experience study showed an average volume reduction of 6.3% and 6.1% in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG, respectively. Volume reductions in the CA1 and fimbria were 44% and 60% smaller than in the CA2-CA3. Interestingly, maltreatment was associated with 4.2% and 4.3% reductions in the left presubiculum and subiculum, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to early stress in humans, as in other animals, affects hippocampal subfield development. Limitations of the present study include the retrospective assessment of maltreatment and dependence on automated segmentation software providing reproducible measures that are only in moderate agreement with hand measures ( 4 ). These findings support the hypothesis that the most stress- or glucocorticoid-sensitive hippocampal subfields identified in translational studies are also the most sensitive subfields in maltreated humans. This suggests that early stress may also act in humans to suppress neurogenesis and to provoke remodeling of pyramidal cells (i.e., large neurons in the hippocampus that connect to other parts of the brain). The close anatomical and epigenetic parallels between animal models of early stress and childhood maltreatment support the validity of these models as a means of delineating the pathophysiology of maltreatment-related disorders, which also include substance abuse, psychosis, and personality disorders. This study provides evidence of the potential vulnerability of the subiculum region to childhood maltreatment. This is an interesting finding, given the role of the subiculum in modulating various responses to stress and its potential involvement in drug abuse and psychotic disorders ( 5 ). Fig. P1 shows the percentage of variance in hippocampal subfield volumes accounted for by degree of maltreatment. The strongest and most consistent associations were seen in subfields containing the left dentate gyrus and CA3. Significant associations were also seen in adjacent regions called the left subiculum and presubiculum, and associations of marginal significance were seen in the CA1. The associations were nonsignificant in the fimbria (i.e., a portion of the hippocampus that consists of fiber tracts). Left CA2-CA3 and CA4-dentate gyrus volumes were 6.3% and 6.1% smaller, on average, in subjects with high vs. low maltreatment scores. Lesser but significant group differences were observed in the left subiculum, left presubiculum, and right CA1 regions. Unmedicated, right-handed subjects ( n = 193, 38% male, 21.9 ± 2.1 y of age) recruited from the community were imaged with a 3T Siemens Trio scanner using a high-resolution magnetic prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo sequence. All subjects provided written informed consent to participate in this McLean Hospital Institutional Review Board-approved study. Forty-six percent of the sample had no exposure to childhood adversity as assessed retrospectively by Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) scores, whereas 16% reported exposure to three or more forms of maltreatment. Clinically, 53% of subjects with ACE scores ≥3 met lifetime criteria for major depressive disorder and 23% met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. ACE and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores were used to quantify exposure. This has been a challenging problem. Delineating 3D subfield volumes by hand is an excruciatingly time-consuming and impractical process ( 4 ). Recently released FreeSurfer software, however, provides an automated solution ( 4 ). Using this method, we predicted a greater statistical relation to maltreatment scores in the CA4-dentate gyrus and CA2-CA3 subfields of the hippocampus than in other components of the hippocampus proper (CA1 or fimbria) or adjacent regions. Animal studies have shown that the effects of stress or glucocorticoid stress hormones on the hippocampal complex are localized to specific subfields. Stress suppresses neurogenesis in one subfield called the dentate gyrus and provokes the remodeling of parts of the neuron referred to dendrites in another portion called the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield ( 3 ). An unanswered critical question is whether exposure to childhood maltreatment (or any other stressor) is associated with alterations in the same hippocampal subfields in humans. Hippocampal vulnerability to the ravages of stress is one of the key translational neuroscience discoveries of the 20th century ( 1 ). Several studies have since reported smaller hippocampal size in a host of psychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder ( 2 ). More recently, attention has been focused on the effects of childhood abuse, because consistent reports have emerged of diminished hippocampal volume in adults with maltreatment histories and maltreatment is a risk factor for all the psychiatric disorders associated with reduced hippocampal size. Hence, exposure to severe psychosocial stress during childhood may serve as a unifying mechanism.
Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with reduced adult hippocampal volume, particularly on the left side. Translational studies show that the key consequences of stress exposure on the hippocampus are suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and dendritic remodeling in the cornu ammonis (CA), particularly the CA3 subfield. The hypothesis that maltreatment is associated with volume reductions in 3-T MRI subfields containing the DG and CA3 was assessed and made practical by newly released automatic segmentation routines for FreeSurfer. The sample consisted of 193 unmedicated right-handed subjects (38% male, 21.9 plus or minus 2.1 y of age) selected from the community. Maltreatment was quantified using the Adverse Childhood Experience study and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores. The strongest associations between maltreatment and volume were observed in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG subfields, and were not mediated by histories of major depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparing subjects with high vs. low scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Adverse Childhood Experience study showed an average volume reduction of 6.3% and 6.1% in the left CA2-CA3 and CA4-DG, respectively. Volume reductions in the CA1 and fimbria were 44% and 60% smaller than in the CA2-CA3. Interestingly, maltreatment was associated with 4.2% and 4.3% reductions in the left presubiculum and subiculum, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to early stress in humans, as in other animals, affects hippocampal subfield development.
Author Anderson, Carl M
Teicher, Martin H
Polcari, Ann
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  fullname: Teicher, Martin H
– sequence: 2
  fullname: Anderson, Carl M
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  fullname: Polcari, Ann
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331913$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Edited by Bruce S. McEwen, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved December 28, 2011 (received for review September 19, 2011)
Author contributions: M.H.T. and A.P. designed research; M.H.T., C.M.A., and A.P. performed research; C.M.A. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.H.T. and C.M.A. analyzed data; and M.H.T., C.M.A., and A.P. wrote the paper.
1M.H.T. and C.M.A. contributed equally to this work.
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Snippet Childhood maltreatment or abuse is a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders, and it is associated with...
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StartPage E563
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
adults
anxiety
Biological Sciences
Brain
CA3 Region, Hippocampal - pathology
Child
Child Abuse
Child abuse & neglect
Child development
Child, Preschool
childhood
Dentate Gyrus - pathology
Dominance, Cerebral
Drug abuse
Female
Glucocorticoids - physiology
hippocampus
Hippocampus - pathology
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
mental health
Neurogenesis
Organ Size
Personality disorders
PNAS Plus
PNAS PLUS (AUTHOR SUMMARIES)
Post traumatic stress disorder
questionnaires
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
substance abuse
Surveys and Questionnaires
Trauma Severity Indices
Young Adult
Title Childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced volume in the hippocampal subfields CA3, dentate gyrus, and subiculum
URI https://www.jstor.org/stable/41506928
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/9/E563.abstract
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