Hypokalemia in Patients with COVID-19
Background Patients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely associated with severe complications. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hypokalemia in a cohort...
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| Published in | Clinical and experimental nephrology Vol. 25; no. 4; pp. 401 - 409 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Singapore
Springer Singapore
01.04.2021
Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1342-1751 1437-7799 1437-7799 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s10157-020-01996-4 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
Patients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely associated with severe complications. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hypokalemia in a cohort of patients with confirmed COVID-19.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted on 290 non-ICU admitted patients with COVID-19 at the tertiary teaching hospital of Modena, Italy, from February 16 to April 14, 2020.
Results
Hypokalemia was detected in 119 out of 290 patients (41%) during hospitalization. Mean serum potassium was 3.1 ± 0.1 meq/L. The majority of patients (90.7%) patients experienced only a mild decrease in serum potassium level (3–3.4 mEq/L). Hypokalemia was associated with hypocalcemia, which was detected in 50% of subjects. Urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio, measured in a small number of patients (
n
= 45; 36.1%), revealed an increase of urinary potassium excretion in most cases (95.5%).
Risk factors for hypokalemia were female sex (odds ratio (OR) 2.44; 95% CI 1.36–4.37;
P
0.003) and diuretic therapy (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.08–3.48;
P
0.027). Hypokalemia, adjusted for sex, age and SOFA score, was not associated with ICU transfer (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.228–1.212;
P
= 0.131), in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.170–1.324; P = 0.154) and composite outcome of ICU transfer or in-hospital mortality (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.222–1.047;
P
= 0.065) in our cohort of patients.
Conclusions
Hypokalemia was a frequent disorder in subjects with COVID-19. Female sex and diuretic therapy were identified as risk factors for low serum potassium levels. Hypokalemia was unrelated to ICU transfer and death in this cohort of patients. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | BackgroundPatients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely associated with severe complications. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hypokalemia in a cohort of patients with confirmed COVID-19.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 290 non-ICU admitted patients with COVID-19 at the tertiary teaching hospital of Modena, Italy, from February 16 to April 14, 2020.ResultsHypokalemia was detected in 119 out of 290 patients (41%) during hospitalization. Mean serum potassium was 3.1 ± 0.1 meq/L. The majority of patients (90.7%) patients experienced only a mild decrease in serum potassium level (3–3.4 mEq/L). Hypokalemia was associated with hypocalcemia, which was detected in 50% of subjects. Urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio, measured in a small number of patients (n = 45; 36.1%), revealed an increase of urinary potassium excretion in most cases (95.5%).Risk factors for hypokalemia were female sex (odds ratio (OR) 2.44; 95% CI 1.36–4.37; P 0.003) and diuretic therapy (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.08–3.48; P 0.027). Hypokalemia, adjusted for sex, age and SOFA score, was not associated with ICU transfer (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.228–1.212; P = 0.131), in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.170–1.324; P = 0.154) and composite outcome of ICU transfer or in-hospital mortality (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.222–1.047; P = 0.065) in our cohort of patients.ConclusionsHypokalemia was a frequent disorder in subjects with COVID-19. Female sex and diuretic therapy were identified as risk factors for low serum potassium levels. Hypokalemia was unrelated to ICU transfer and death in this cohort of patients. Background Patients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely associated with severe complications. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hypokalemia in a cohort of patients with confirmed COVID-19. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 290 non-ICU admitted patients with COVID-19 at the tertiary teaching hospital of Modena, Italy, from February 16 to April 14, 2020. Results Hypokalemia was detected in 119 out of 290 patients (41%) during hospitalization. Mean serum potassium was 3.1 ± 0.1 meq/L. The majority of patients (90.7%) patients experienced only a mild decrease in serum potassium level (3–3.4 mEq/L). Hypokalemia was associated with hypocalcemia, which was detected in 50% of subjects. Urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio, measured in a small number of patients ( n = 45; 36.1%), revealed an increase of urinary potassium excretion in most cases (95.5%). Risk factors for hypokalemia were female sex (odds ratio (OR) 2.44; 95% CI 1.36–4.37; P 0.003) and diuretic therapy (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.08–3.48; P 0.027). Hypokalemia, adjusted for sex, age and SOFA score, was not associated with ICU transfer (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.228–1.212; P = 0.131), in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.170–1.324; P = 0.154) and composite outcome of ICU transfer or in-hospital mortality (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.222–1.047; P = 0.065) in our cohort of patients. Conclusions Hypokalemia was a frequent disorder in subjects with COVID-19. Female sex and diuretic therapy were identified as risk factors for low serum potassium levels. Hypokalemia was unrelated to ICU transfer and death in this cohort of patients. Patients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely associated with severe complications. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hypokalemia in a cohort of patients with confirmed COVID-19.BACKGROUNDPatients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely associated with severe complications. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hypokalemia in a cohort of patients with confirmed COVID-19.A retrospective analysis was conducted on 290 non-ICU admitted patients with COVID-19 at the tertiary teaching hospital of Modena, Italy, from February 16 to April 14, 2020.METHODSA retrospective analysis was conducted on 290 non-ICU admitted patients with COVID-19 at the tertiary teaching hospital of Modena, Italy, from February 16 to April 14, 2020.Hypokalemia was detected in 119 out of 290 patients (41%) during hospitalization. Mean serum potassium was 3.1 ± 0.1 meq/L. The majority of patients (90.7%) patients experienced only a mild decrease in serum potassium level (3-3.4 mEq/L). Hypokalemia was associated with hypocalcemia, which was detected in 50% of subjects. Urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio, measured in a small number of patients (n = 45; 36.1%), revealed an increase of urinary potassium excretion in most cases (95.5%). Risk factors for hypokalemia were female sex (odds ratio (OR) 2.44; 95% CI 1.36-4.37; P 0.003) and diuretic therapy (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.08-3.48; P 0.027). Hypokalemia, adjusted for sex, age and SOFA score, was not associated with ICU transfer (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.228-1.212; P = 0.131), in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.170-1.324; P = 0.154) and composite outcome of ICU transfer or in-hospital mortality (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.222-1.047; P = 0.065) in our cohort of patients.RESULTSHypokalemia was detected in 119 out of 290 patients (41%) during hospitalization. Mean serum potassium was 3.1 ± 0.1 meq/L. The majority of patients (90.7%) patients experienced only a mild decrease in serum potassium level (3-3.4 mEq/L). Hypokalemia was associated with hypocalcemia, which was detected in 50% of subjects. Urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio, measured in a small number of patients (n = 45; 36.1%), revealed an increase of urinary potassium excretion in most cases (95.5%). Risk factors for hypokalemia were female sex (odds ratio (OR) 2.44; 95% CI 1.36-4.37; P 0.003) and diuretic therapy (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.08-3.48; P 0.027). Hypokalemia, adjusted for sex, age and SOFA score, was not associated with ICU transfer (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.228-1.212; P = 0.131), in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.170-1.324; P = 0.154) and composite outcome of ICU transfer or in-hospital mortality (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.222-1.047; P = 0.065) in our cohort of patients.Hypokalemia was a frequent disorder in subjects with COVID-19. Female sex and diuretic therapy were identified as risk factors for low serum potassium levels. Hypokalemia was unrelated to ICU transfer and death in this cohort of patients.CONCLUSIONSHypokalemia was a frequent disorder in subjects with COVID-19. Female sex and diuretic therapy were identified as risk factors for low serum potassium levels. Hypokalemia was unrelated to ICU transfer and death in this cohort of patients. Patients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely associated with severe complications. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hypokalemia in a cohort of patients with confirmed COVID-19. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 290 non-ICU admitted patients with COVID-19 at the tertiary teaching hospital of Modena, Italy, from February 16 to April 14, 2020. Hypokalemia was detected in 119 out of 290 patients (41%) during hospitalization. Mean serum potassium was 3.1 ± 0.1 meq/L. The majority of patients (90.7%) patients experienced only a mild decrease in serum potassium level (3-3.4 mEq/L). Hypokalemia was associated with hypocalcemia, which was detected in 50% of subjects. Urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio, measured in a small number of patients (n = 45; 36.1%), revealed an increase of urinary potassium excretion in most cases (95.5%). Risk factors for hypokalemia were female sex (odds ratio (OR) 2.44; 95% CI 1.36-4.37; P 0.003) and diuretic therapy (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.08-3.48; P 0.027). Hypokalemia, adjusted for sex, age and SOFA score, was not associated with ICU transfer (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.228-1.212; P = 0.131), in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.170-1.324; P = 0.154) and composite outcome of ICU transfer or in-hospital mortality (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.222-1.047; P = 0.065) in our cohort of patients. Hypokalemia was a frequent disorder in subjects with COVID-19. Female sex and diuretic therapy were identified as risk factors for low serum potassium levels. Hypokalemia was unrelated to ICU transfer and death in this cohort of patients. |
| Author | Volpi, Sara Franceschini, Erica Magistroni, Riccardo Alfano, Gaetano Romeo, Marilina Ascione, Elisabetta Guaraldi, Giovanni Menozzi, Marianna Franceschi, Giacomo Carli, Federica Bedini, Andrea Puzzolante, Cinzia Ferrari, Annachiara Raimondi, Alessandro Orlando, Gabriella Cappelli, Gianni Perrone, Rossella Margiotta, Gianluca Ciusa, Giacomo Piccinini, Francesca Milic, Jovana Venturi, Giulia Santoro, Antonella Cuomo, Gianluca Di Gaetano, Margherita Bacca, Erica Pederzoli, Simone Fontana, Francesco Mori, Giacomo Faltoni, Matteo Tutone, Marco Meschiari, Marianna Mussini, Cristina |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Gaetano surname: Alfano fullname: Alfano, Gaetano email: gaetano.alfano@unimore.it organization: Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Clinical and Experimental Medicine Ph.D. Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 2 givenname: Annachiara surname: Ferrari fullname: Ferrari, Annachiara organization: Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 3 givenname: Francesco surname: Fontana fullname: Fontana, Francesco organization: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 4 givenname: Rossella surname: Perrone fullname: Perrone, Rossella organization: Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 5 givenname: Giacomo surname: Mori fullname: Mori, Giacomo organization: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 6 givenname: Elisabetta surname: Ascione fullname: Ascione, Elisabetta organization: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 7 givenname: Riccardo surname: Magistroni fullname: Magistroni, Riccardo organization: Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 8 givenname: Giulia surname: Venturi fullname: Venturi, Giulia organization: Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 9 givenname: Simone surname: Pederzoli fullname: Pederzoli, Simone organization: Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 10 givenname: Gianluca surname: Margiotta fullname: Margiotta, Gianluca organization: Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 11 givenname: Marilina surname: Romeo fullname: Romeo, Marilina organization: Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 12 givenname: Francesca surname: Piccinini fullname: Piccinini, Francesca organization: Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – sequence: 13 givenname: Giacomo surname: Franceschi fullname: Franceschi, Giacomo organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 14 givenname: Sara surname: Volpi fullname: Volpi, Sara organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 15 givenname: Matteo surname: Faltoni fullname: Faltoni, Matteo organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 16 givenname: Giacomo surname: Ciusa fullname: Ciusa, Giacomo organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 17 givenname: Erica surname: Bacca fullname: Bacca, Erica organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 18 givenname: Marco surname: Tutone fullname: Tutone, Marco organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 19 givenname: Alessandro surname: Raimondi fullname: Raimondi, Alessandro organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 20 givenname: Marianna surname: Menozzi fullname: Menozzi, Marianna organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 21 givenname: Erica surname: Franceschini fullname: Franceschini, Erica organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 22 givenname: Gianluca surname: Cuomo fullname: Cuomo, Gianluca organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 23 givenname: Gabriella surname: Orlando fullname: Orlando, Gabriella organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 24 givenname: Antonella surname: Santoro fullname: Santoro, Antonella organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 25 givenname: Margherita surname: Di Gaetano fullname: Di Gaetano, Margherita organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 26 givenname: Cinzia surname: Puzzolante fullname: Puzzolante, Cinzia organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 27 givenname: Federica surname: Carli fullname: Carli, Federica organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 28 givenname: Andrea surname: Bedini fullname: Bedini, Andrea organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 29 givenname: Jovana surname: Milic fullname: Milic, Jovana organization: Clinical and Experimental Medicine Ph.D. Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 30 givenname: Marianna surname: Meschiari fullname: Meschiari, Marianna organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 31 givenname: Cristina surname: Mussini fullname: Mussini, Cristina organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 32 givenname: Gianni surname: Cappelli fullname: Cappelli, Gianni organization: Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Modena – sequence: 33 givenname: Giovanni surname: Guaraldi fullname: Guaraldi, Giovanni organization: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Modena |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33398605$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Contributor | Volpi, Sara Franceschini, Erica Alfano, Gaetano Cossarizza, Lucia Serio Andrea Ascione, Elisabetta Menozzi, Marianna Chierego, Giovanni Scotti, Marzia Pellegrino, Francesco Fidanza, Lucia Iannone, Anna Bedini, Andrea Borella, Rebecca Pinti, Marcello Larné, Damiano Fantini, Riccardo Raimondi, Alessandro Orlando, Gabriella Yaacoub, Dina Andreotti, Alberto Mattioli, Marco Girardis, Massimo Paolini, Annamaria De Biasi, Sara Milic, Jovana Gibellini, Lara Cuomo, Gianluca Borghi, Vanni Di Gaetano, Margherita Nasi, Milena Damiano, Francesca Faltoni, Matteo Fontana, Francesco Mori, Giacomo Tutone, Marco Corradi, Luca Meschiari, Marianna Marco, Ballestri Mussini, Cristina Bondi, Filippo Magistroni, Riccardo Leonelli, Marco Guaraldi, Giovanni Tonelli, Roberto Dolci, Giovanni Franceschi, Giacomo Carli, Federica Tartaro, Domenico Lo Iadisernia, Vittorio Cappelli, Gianni Facchini, Francesca Ciusa, Giacomo Pulizzi, Roberto De Gaetano, Anna Busani, Stefano Burastero, Giulia Santoro, Antonella Biagioni, Emanuela Bacca, Erica Rogati, Carlotta Bellinazzi, Caterin |
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| Copyright | Japanese Society of Nephrology 2021 Japanese Society of Nephrology 2021. |
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| Keywords | COVID Hypokalemia Electrolytes Coronavirus Magnesium Potassium |
| Language | English |
| License | This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
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Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb;0(0):null. Basu-Ray I, Soos MP. Cardiac Manifestations Of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020; [cited 2020 May 30]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556152 Su H, Yang M, Wan C, Yi L-X, Tang F, Zhu H-Y, et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020 Apr;0(0). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003 T Wang (1996_CR4) 2020; 395 CM Booth (1996_CR9) 2003; 289 E Kardalas (1996_CR14) 2018; 7 HB Yalamanchili (1996_CR15) 2018; 3 N Li (1996_CR10) 2004; 36 1996_CR29 S Arampatzis (1996_CR18) 2013; 11 1996_CR27 BJ Paice (1996_CR23) 1986; 62 P Jędrusik (1996_CR16) 2017; 12 1996_CR22 RJ Unwin (1996_CR25) 2011; 7 U Sagild (1996_CR19) 1956; 8 BF Palmer (1996_CR26) 2015; 10 A Goyal (1996_CR21) 2012; 307 BJB Moore (1996_CR5) 2020 1996_CR8 CB Bowling (1996_CR20) 2010; 3 1996_CR6 1996_CR3 1996_CR1 1996_CR17 M Bansal (1996_CR7) 2020; 14 Z Wu (1996_CR2) 2020; 323 1996_CR13 1996_CR12 SR Holdsworth (1996_CR28) 2015; 10 1996_CR11 A Asmar (1996_CR24) 2012; 60 |
| References_xml | – reference: Su H, Yang M, Wan C, Yi L-X, Tang F, Zhu H-Y, et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020 Apr;0(0). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003 – reference: Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb;0(0):null. – reference: BowlingCBPittBAhmedMIAbanIBSandersPWMujibMHypokalemia and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease: findings from propensity-matched studiesCirc Heart Fail.20103225326010.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.899526 – reference: WuZMcGooganJMCharacteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the chinese center for disease control and preventionJAMA202032313123912421:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXnsFCqsrs%3D10.1001/jama.2020.2648 – reference: PaiceBJPatersonKROnyanga-OmaraFDonnellyTGrayJMLawsonDHRecord linkage study of hypokalaemia in hospitalized patientsPostgrad Med J.1986627251871911:STN:280:DyaL283jt12qsg%3D%3D10.1136/pgmj.62.725.187 – reference: MooreBJBJuneCHCytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19Science202010.1126/science.abb8925331590097857411 – reference: ArampatzisSFunkG-CLeichtleABFiedlerG-MSchwarzCZimmermannHImpact of diuretic therapy-associated electrolyte disorders present on admission to the emergency department: a cross-sectional analysisBMC Med2013118310.1186/1741-7015-11-83 – reference: SagildUTotal exchangeable potassium in normal subjects with special reference to changes with ageScand J Clin Lab Invest.19568144501:CAS:528:DyaG28XmsFGmuw%3D%3D10.3109/00365515609049242 – reference: PalmerBFRegulation of potassium homeostasisClin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN.2015106105010601:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVCmtb3E10.2215/CJN.08580813 – reference: Garg S. Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019—COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3 – reference: Chen D, Li X, Song Q, Hu C, Su F, Dai J, et al. Assessment of Hypokalemia and Clinical Characteristics in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wenzhou, China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11122 – reference: Alfano G, Guaraldi G, Fontana F, Ferrari A, Magistroni R, Mussini C, et al. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infection. 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Patients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte... Patients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte disorder closely... BackgroundPatients with COVID-19 experience multiple clinical conditions that may cause electrolyte imbalances. Hypokalemia is a concerning electrolyte... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aged Aged, 80 and over Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - complications Creatinine Diuretics Diuretics - adverse effects Electrolytes Female Hospital Mortality Humans Hypocalcemia Hypokalemia Hypokalemia - drug therapy Hypokalemia - epidemiology Hypokalemia - etiology Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Middle Aged Mortality Nephrology Original Original Article Patients Potassium Potassium - blood Potassium - urine Prevalence Retrospective Studies Risk Factors SARS-CoV-2 Sex ratio Urology |
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