The nucleolus as a multiphase liquid condensate
The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear body and serves a fundamentally important biological role as a site of ribonucleoprotein particle assembly, primarily dedicated to ribosome biogenesis. Despite being one of the first intracellular structures visualized historically, the biophysical rules g...
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| Published in | Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology Vol. 22; no. 3; pp. 165 - 182 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.03.2021
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1471-0072 1471-0080 1471-0080 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41580-020-0272-6 |
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| Abstract | The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear body and serves a fundamentally important biological role as a site of ribonucleoprotein particle assembly, primarily dedicated to ribosome biogenesis. Despite being one of the first intracellular structures visualized historically, the biophysical rules governing its assembly and function are only starting to become clear. Recent studies have provided increasing support for the concept that the nucleolus represents a multilayered biomolecular condensate, whose formation by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) facilitates the initial steps of ribosome biogenesis and other functions. Here, we review these biophysical insights in the context of the molecular and cell biology of the nucleolus. We discuss how nucleolar function is linked to its organization as a multiphase condensate and how dysregulation of this organization could provide insights into still poorly understood aspects of nucleolus-associated diseases, including cancer, ribosomopathies and neurodegeneration as well as ageing. We suggest that the LLPS model provides the starting point for a unifying quantitative framework for the assembly, structural maintenance and function of the nucleolus, with implications for gene regulation and ribonucleoprotein particle assembly throughout the nucleus. The LLPS concept is also likely useful in designing new therapeutic strategies to target nucleolar dysfunction.
The nucleolus is a membraneless organelle involved in ribonucleoprotein assembly, including ribosome biogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that the nucleolus is a biomolecular condensate that forms via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), and insights from studies within the LLPS framework are increasing our understanding of the relationship between nucleolar structure and function. |
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| AbstractList | The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear body and serves a fundamentally important biological role as a site of ribonucleoprotein particle assembly, primarily dedicated to ribosome biogenesis. Despite being one of the first intracellular structures visualized historically, the biophysical rules governing its assembly and function are only starting to become clear. Recent studies have provided increasing support for the concept that the nucleolus represents a multilayered biomolecular condensate, whose formation by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) facilitates the initial steps of ribosome biogenesis and other functions. Here, we review these biophysical insights in the context of the molecular and cell biology of the nucleolus. We discuss how nucleolar function is linked to its organization as a multiphase condensate and how dysregulation of this organization could provide insights into still poorly understood aspects of nucleolus-associated diseases, including cancer, ribosomopathies and neurodegeneration as well as ageing. We suggest that the LLPS model provides the starting point for a unifying quantitative framework for the assembly, structural maintenance and function of the nucleolus, with implications for gene regulation and ribonucleoprotein particle assembly throughout the nucleus. The LLPS concept is also likely useful in designing new therapeutic strategies to target nucleolar dysfunction. The nucleolus is a membraneless organelle involved in ribonucleoprotein assembly, including ribosome biogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that the nucleolus is a biomolecular condensate that forms via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and insights from studies within the LLPS framework are increasing our understanding of the relationship between nucleolar structure and function. The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear body and serves a fundamentally important biological role as a site of ribonucleoprotein particle assembly, primarily dedicated to ribosome biogenesis. Despite being one of the first intracellular structures visualized historically, the biophysical rules governing its assembly and function are only starting to become clear. Recent studies have provided increasing support for the concept that the nucleolus represents a multilayered biomolecular condensate, whose formation by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) facilitates the initial steps of ribosome biogenesis and other functions. Here, we review these biophysical insights in the context of the molecular and cell biology of the nucleolus. We discuss how nucleolar function is linked to its organization as a multiphase condensate and how dysregulation of this organization could provide insights into still poorly understood aspects of nucleolus-associated diseases, including cancer, ribosomopathies and neurodegeneration as well as ageing. We suggest that the LLPS model provides the starting point for a unifying quantitative framework for the assembly, structural maintenance and function of the nucleolus, with implications for gene regulation and ribonucleoprotein particle assembly throughout the nucleus. The LLPS concept is also likely useful in designing new therapeutic strategies to target nucleolar dysfunction. The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear body and serves a fundamentally important biological role as a site of ribonucleoprotein particle assembly, primarily dedicated to ribosome biogenesis. Despite being one of the first intracellular structures visualized historically, the biophysical rules governing its assembly and function are only starting to become clear. Recent studies have provided increasing support for the concept that the nucleolus represents a multilayered biomolecular condensate, whose formation by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) facilitates the initial steps of ribosome biogenesis and other functions. Here, we review these biophysical insights in the context of the molecular and cell biology of the nucleolus. We discuss how nucleolar function is linked to its organization as a multiphase condensate and how dysregulation of this organization could provide insights into still poorly understood aspects of nucleolus-associated diseases, including cancer, ribosomopathies and neurodegeneration as well as ageing. We suggest that the LLPS model provides the starting point for a unifying quantitative framework for the assembly, structural maintenance and function of the nucleolus, with implications for gene regulation and ribonucleoprotein particle assembly throughout the nucleus. The LLPS concept is also likely useful in designing new therapeutic strategies to target nucleolar dysfunction.The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear body and serves a fundamentally important biological role as a site of ribonucleoprotein particle assembly, primarily dedicated to ribosome biogenesis. Despite being one of the first intracellular structures visualized historically, the biophysical rules governing its assembly and function are only starting to become clear. Recent studies have provided increasing support for the concept that the nucleolus represents a multilayered biomolecular condensate, whose formation by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) facilitates the initial steps of ribosome biogenesis and other functions. Here, we review these biophysical insights in the context of the molecular and cell biology of the nucleolus. We discuss how nucleolar function is linked to its organization as a multiphase condensate and how dysregulation of this organization could provide insights into still poorly understood aspects of nucleolus-associated diseases, including cancer, ribosomopathies and neurodegeneration as well as ageing. We suggest that the LLPS model provides the starting point for a unifying quantitative framework for the assembly, structural maintenance and function of the nucleolus, with implications for gene regulation and ribonucleoprotein particle assembly throughout the nucleus. The LLPS concept is also likely useful in designing new therapeutic strategies to target nucleolar dysfunction. The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear body and serves a fundamentally important biological role as a site of ribonucleoprotein particle assembly, primarily dedicated to ribosome biogenesis. Despite being one of the first intracellular structures visualized historically, the biophysical rules governing its assembly and function are only starting to become clear. Recent studies have provided increasing support for the concept that the nucleolus represents a multilayered biomolecular condensate, whose formation by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) facilitates the initial steps of ribosome biogenesis and other functions. Here, we review these biophysical insights in the context of the molecular and cell biology of the nucleolus. We discuss how nucleolar function is linked to its organization as a multiphase condensate and how dysregulation of this organization could provide insights into still poorly understood aspects of nucleolus-associated diseases, including cancer, ribosomopathies and neurodegeneration as well as ageing. We suggest that the LLPS model provides the starting point for a unifying quantitative framework for the assembly, structural maintenance and function of the nucleolus, with implications for gene regulation and ribonucleoprotein particle assembly throughout the nucleus. The LLPS concept is also likely useful in designing new therapeutic strategies to target nucleolar dysfunction. The nucleolus is a membraneless organelle involved in ribonucleoprotein assembly, including ribosome biogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that the nucleolus is a biomolecular condensate that forms via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), and insights from studies within the LLPS framework are increasing our understanding of the relationship between nucleolar structure and function. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Bascetin, Rümeyza Lafontaine, Denis L. J. Brangwynne, Clifford P. Riback, Joshua A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Denis L. J. orcidid: 0000-0001-7295-6288 surname: Lafontaine fullname: Lafontaine, Denis L. J. email: denis.lafontaine@ulb.ac.be organization: RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles Cancer Research Center (ULB-CRC), Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI) – sequence: 2 givenname: Joshua A. orcidid: 0000-0002-1516-4484 surname: Riback fullname: Riback, Joshua A. organization: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University – sequence: 3 givenname: Rümeyza orcidid: 0000-0002-3494-0610 surname: Bascetin fullname: Bascetin, Rümeyza organization: RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles Cancer Research Center (ULB-CRC), Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI) – sequence: 4 givenname: Clifford P. orcidid: 0000-0002-1350-9960 surname: Brangwynne fullname: Brangwynne, Clifford P. email: cbrangwy@princeton.edu organization: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, HHMI, Princeton University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32873929$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.science/hal-03836500$$DView record in HAL |
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| SubjectTerms | 631/57 631/80/386/1362 Aging Aging - genetics Aging - metabolism Aging - pathology Animals Assembly Biochemistry Biomedical and Life Sciences Biosynthesis Cancer Research Cell Biology Cell Cycle - physiology Cell Nucleolus - chemistry Cell Nucleolus - genetics Cell Nucleolus - metabolism Cell organelles Cell research Cellular Biology Chemical Fractionation Condensates Developmental Biology Gene Expression Gene regulation Humans Life Sciences Liquid phases Liquid-Liquid Extraction Multiphase Neoplasms - genetics Neoplasms - metabolism Neoplasms - pathology Neurodegeneration Nucleoli Phase separation Properties Review Article Ribonucleoproteins - metabolism Ribosomes Ribosomes - physiology Stem Cells Structure-function relationships Subcellular Processes Yeast |
| Title | The nucleolus as a multiphase liquid condensate |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41580-020-0272-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32873929 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2493255312 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2439633409 https://hal.science/hal-03836500 |
| Volume | 22 |
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