Annotation: Neurofeedback - train your brain to train behaviour
Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self‐regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the m...
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          | Published in | Journal of child psychology and psychiatry Vol. 48; no. 1; pp. 3 - 16 | 
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , | 
| Format | Journal Article | 
| Language | English | 
| Published | 
        Oxford, UK
          Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    
        01.01.2007
     Wiley-Blackwell Blackwell  | 
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text | 
| ISSN | 0021-9630 1469-7610  | 
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01665.x | 
Cover
| Abstract | Background:  Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self‐regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Methods:  In NF training, self‐regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability.
Results:  NF studies revealed paradigm‐specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real‐life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug‐resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long‐lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available.
Conclusions:  There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training. | 
    
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| AbstractList | Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioral training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: In NF training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability. Results: NF studies revealed paradigm-specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioral and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug-resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long-lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available. Conclusions: There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self‐regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: In NF training, self‐regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability. Results: NF studies revealed paradigm‐specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real‐life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug‐resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long‐lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available. Conclusions: There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training. Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders.BACKGROUNDNeurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders.In NF training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability.METHODSIn NF training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability.NF studies revealed paradigm-specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug-resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long-lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available.RESULTSNF studies revealed paradigm-specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug-resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long-lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available.There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training.CONCLUSIONSThere is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training. Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self‐regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: In NF training, self‐regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability. Results: NF studies revealed paradigm‐specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real‐life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug‐resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long‐lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available. Conclusions: There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training. Background:Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders.Methods:In NF training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability.Results:NF studies revealed paradigm-specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug-resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long-lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available.Conclusions:There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training. Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: In NF training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability. Results: NF studies revealed paradigm-specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta /beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug-resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long-lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available. Conclusions: There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training. en. Tables, Figures. Adapted from the source document. Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This annotation describes the methodical basis of NF and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in neuropsychiatric disorders. In NF training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) addresses the regulation of cortical excitability. NF studies revealed paradigm-specific effects on, e.g., attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improved behavioural and cognitive variables after frequency (e.g., theta/beta) training or SCP training. Neurophysiological effects could also be measured. However, specific and unspecific training effects could not be disentangled in these studies. For drug-resistant patients with epilepsy, significant and long-lasting decreases of seizure frequency and intensity through SCP training were documented in a series of studies. For other child psychiatric disorders (e.g., tic disorders, anxiety, and autism) only preliminary investigations are available. There is growing evidence for NF as a valuable treatment module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are necessary to establish clinical efficacy and effectiveness and to learn more about the mechanisms underlying successful training.  | 
    
| Author | Gevensleben, Holger Heinrich, Hartmut Strehl, Ute  | 
    
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Hartmut surname: Heinrich fullname: Heinrich, Hartmut organization: Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Holger surname: Gevensleben fullname: Gevensleben, Holger organization: Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Ute surname: Strehl fullname: Strehl, Ute organization: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany  | 
    
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| Keywords | Hyperactivity Epilepsy Central nervous system Electrophysiology Electroencephalography Review Electrodiagnosis Attentional disorder Attention disorder with hyperactivity frequency bands Child Human Nervous system diseases attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Slow potential electroencephalogram (EEG) Cerebral disorder Treatment slow cortical potentials (SCPs) Central nervous system disease Mental disorder Self regulation self-regulation Biofeedback mechanisms underlying successful training.: Neurofeedback  | 
    
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| PublicationTitle | Journal of child psychology and psychiatry | 
    
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| References_xml | – reference: Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., Birbaumer, N., Wolf, P., Duchting-Roth, A., Reker, M., Daum, I., Lutzenberger, W., & Dichgans, J. (1993). Cortical self-regulation in patients with epilepsies. Epilepsy Research, 14, 63-72. – reference: Mattson, R.H. (1992). Drug treatment of uncontrolled seizures. Epilepsy Research, 5(Suppl.), 29-35. – reference: Banaschewski, T., & Brandeis, D. (in press). Annotation: What EEG/ERP tell us about brain function that other techniques cannot tell us. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. – reference: Barry, R.J., Clarke, A.R., & Johnstone, S.J. (2003). A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 171-183. – reference: Sterman, M.B., & MacDonald, L.R. (1978). Effects of central cortical EEG feedback training on incidence of poorly controlled seizures. Epilepsia, 19, 207-222. – reference: Scolnick, B. (2005). 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Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 590-696. – reference: Egner, T., & Gruzelier, J.H. (2004). EEG biofeedback of low beta band components: Frequency-specific effects on variables of attention and event-related brain potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 131-139. – reference: Kotchoubey, B., Strehl, U., Uhlmann, C., Holzapfel, S., Konig, M., Froscher, W., Blankenhorn, V., & Birbaumer, N. (2001). Modification of slow cortical potentials in patients with refractory epilepsy: A controlled outcome study. Epilepsia, 42, 406-416. – reference: McCarney, S. (1989). Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale Home Version. Missouri: Hawthorne Educational Services. – reference: Egner, T., & Gruzelier, J.H. (2001). Learned self-regulation of EEG frequency components affects attention and event-related brain potentials in humans. Neuroreport, 12, 4155-4159. – reference: Monastra, V., Monastra, D., & George, S. (2002). 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| Snippet | Background:  Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self‐regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade,... Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self‐regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade,... Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade,... Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade, several NF... Background: Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioral training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade,... Background:Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for self-regulation of brain activity. Within the past decade,...  | 
    
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Anxiety disorders Attention Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - physiopathology Attention deficit disorders. Hyperactivity Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autistic children Behavior Behavior modification Biofeedback, Psychology - physiology Biological and medical sciences Brain Brain - anatomy & histology Brain - physiology Brain activity Brain Hemisphere Functions Child Child clinical studies Children & youth Cognition - physiology Cognitive Processes Cognitive-behavioral factors Convulsions & seizures Efficacy Electrical brain activity electroencephalogram (EEG) Electroencephalography Epilepsy Epilepsy - physiopathology Epilepsy - prevention & control Feedback (Response) frequency bands Headache. Facial pains. Syncopes. Epilepsia. Intracranial hypertension. Brain oedema. Cerebral palsy Humans Learning - physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Medical sciences Memory Mental Disorders Metacognition Musicians Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes) Neurofeedback Neurological Impairments Neurology Outcomes of Treatment Patients Positive feedback Positive Reinforcement Psychiatry Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Reinforcement Relaxation. Biofeedback. Hypnosis. Selfregulation. Meditation Scientific Research Seizures Self regulation Selfregulation slow cortical potentials (SCPs) Social Behavior Social Control, Informal Training Treatments  | 
    
| Title | Annotation: Neurofeedback - train your brain to train behaviour | 
    
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