Particulate pollution in urban Chongqing of southwest China: Historical trends of variation, chemical characteristics and source apportionment
Chongqing, the largest megacity in southwest China, faces serious aerosol pollution but lacks information on particle characteristics and its sources. Official data released by Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau demonstrated that urban PM10 concentrations decreased remarkably from 150μgm−3 in...
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| Published in | The Science of the total environment Vol. 584-585; pp. 523 - 534 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
15.04.2017
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0048-9697 1879-1026 1879-1026 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.060 |
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| Abstract | Chongqing, the largest megacity in southwest China, faces serious aerosol pollution but lacks information on particle characteristics and its sources. Official data released by Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau demonstrated that urban PM10 concentrations decreased remarkably from 150μgm−3 in 2000 to 90μgm−3 in 2012. However, only several peer-reviewed studies paid attention to local fine particle (PM2.5) pollution. In the study, PM2.5 samples were obtained and subjected to chemical analysis in an urban site of the city during 2012 to 2013. The annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in urban Chongqing were 103.9±52.5 and 75.4±42.2μgm−3, respectively. PM2.5 showed a distinct seasonality of high concentration in winter and similar levels in other seasons. The average OC/EC (organic carbon/element carbon) ratio was 3.7 with more high-OC/EC ratio sources contribution in autumn and winter. The varying sources and formation mechanisms resulted in SO42− and NH4+ peaks in both summer and winter, whereas high nitrate concentration was only observed in winter. In the average mass closure, PM2.5 was composed of 23.0% SO42−, 11.7% NO3−, 10.9% NH4+, 30.8% OM (organic matter), 5.2% EC, 8.2% mineral dust, 0.6% TEO (trace elements), 1.0% Cl− and 1.1% K+, while exhibiting large seasonal variability. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), six sources were apportioned in PM2.5: secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, other industrial pollution, soil dust, vehicular emission, and metallurgical industry. The annual mean contribution of above sources to PM2.5 was 37.5, 22.0, 17.5, 11.0, 9.8 and 2.2%, respectively. Coal combustion was identified by As tracer and dominated the primary sources of PM2.5, while the two different industrial sources were characterized by Cr and Mo, Co, Ni, and Se, respectively. The study is of great importance in characterizing the historical trends, current chemical characteristics and sources of fine particles in urban Chongqing.
[Display omitted]
•Historical and current particle pollution in urban Chongqing was characterized.•PM10 concentrations during 1995–2015 in Chongqing showed notable decrease.•PM2.5 level during 2012–2013 in urban Chongqing was 75.4±42.2μgm−3.•PM2.5 displayed unique seasonality of SO42− in summer and both OM and SNA in winter.•Six sources were identified and fossil fuel burning was the most important source. |
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| AbstractList | Chongqing, the largest megacity in southwest China, faces serious aerosol pollution but lacks information on particle characteristics and its sources. Official data released by Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau demonstrated that urban PM10 concentrations decreased remarkably from 150μgm-3 in 2000 to 90μgm-3 in 2012. However, only several peer-reviewed studies paid attention to local fine particle (PM2.5) pollution. In the study, PM2.5 samples were obtained and subjected to chemical analysis in an urban site of the city during 2012 to 2013. The annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in urban Chongqing were 103.9±52.5 and 75.4±42.2μgm-3, respectively. PM2.5 showed a distinct seasonality of high concentration in winter and similar levels in other seasons. The average OC/EC (organic carbon/element carbon) ratio was 3.7 with more high-OC/EC ratio sources contribution in autumn and winter. The varying sources and formation mechanisms resulted in SO42- and NH4+ peaks in both summer and winter, whereas high nitrate concentration was only observed in winter. In the average mass closure, PM2.5 was composed of 23.0% SO42-, 11.7% NO3-, 10.9% NH4+, 30.8% OM (organic matter), 5.2% EC, 8.2% mineral dust, 0.6% TEO (trace elements), 1.0% Cl- and 1.1% K+, while exhibiting large seasonal variability. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), six sources were apportioned in PM2.5: secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, other industrial pollution, soil dust, vehicular emission, and metallurgical industry. The annual mean contribution of above sources to PM2.5 was 37.5, 22.0, 17.5, 11.0, 9.8 and 2.2%, respectively. Coal combustion was identified by As tracer and dominated the primary sources of PM2.5, while the two different industrial sources were characterized by Cr and Mo, Co, Ni, and Se, respectively. The study is of great importance in characterizing the historical trends, current chemical characteristics and sources of fine particles in urban Chongqing.Chongqing, the largest megacity in southwest China, faces serious aerosol pollution but lacks information on particle characteristics and its sources. Official data released by Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau demonstrated that urban PM10 concentrations decreased remarkably from 150μgm-3 in 2000 to 90μgm-3 in 2012. However, only several peer-reviewed studies paid attention to local fine particle (PM2.5) pollution. In the study, PM2.5 samples were obtained and subjected to chemical analysis in an urban site of the city during 2012 to 2013. The annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in urban Chongqing were 103.9±52.5 and 75.4±42.2μgm-3, respectively. PM2.5 showed a distinct seasonality of high concentration in winter and similar levels in other seasons. The average OC/EC (organic carbon/element carbon) ratio was 3.7 with more high-OC/EC ratio sources contribution in autumn and winter. The varying sources and formation mechanisms resulted in SO42- and NH4+ peaks in both summer and winter, whereas high nitrate concentration was only observed in winter. In the average mass closure, PM2.5 was composed of 23.0% SO42-, 11.7% NO3-, 10.9% NH4+, 30.8% OM (organic matter), 5.2% EC, 8.2% mineral dust, 0.6% TEO (trace elements), 1.0% Cl- and 1.1% K+, while exhibiting large seasonal variability. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), six sources were apportioned in PM2.5: secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, other industrial pollution, soil dust, vehicular emission, and metallurgical industry. The annual mean contribution of above sources to PM2.5 was 37.5, 22.0, 17.5, 11.0, 9.8 and 2.2%, respectively. Coal combustion was identified by As tracer and dominated the primary sources of PM2.5, while the two different industrial sources were characterized by Cr and Mo, Co, Ni, and Se, respectively. The study is of great importance in characterizing the historical trends, current chemical characteristics and sources of fine particles in urban Chongqing. Chongqing, the largest megacity in southwest China, faces serious aerosol pollution but lacks information on particle characteristics and its sources. Official data released by Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau demonstrated that urban PM concentrations decreased remarkably from 150μgm in 2000 to 90μgm in 2012. However, only several peer-reviewed studies paid attention to local fine particle (PM ) pollution. In the study, PM samples were obtained and subjected to chemical analysis in an urban site of the city during 2012 to 2013. The annual mean PM and PM concentrations in urban Chongqing were 103.9±52.5 and 75.4±42.2μgm , respectively. PM showed a distinct seasonality of high concentration in winter and similar levels in other seasons. The average OC/EC (organic carbon/element carbon) ratio was 3.7 with more high-OC/EC ratio sources contribution in autumn and winter. The varying sources and formation mechanisms resulted in SO and NH peaks in both summer and winter, whereas high nitrate concentration was only observed in winter. In the average mass closure, PM was composed of 23.0% SO , 11.7% NO , 10.9% NH , 30.8% OM (organic matter), 5.2% EC, 8.2% mineral dust, 0.6% TEO (trace elements), 1.0% Cl and 1.1% K , while exhibiting large seasonal variability. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), six sources were apportioned in PM : secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, other industrial pollution, soil dust, vehicular emission, and metallurgical industry. The annual mean contribution of above sources to PM was 37.5, 22.0, 17.5, 11.0, 9.8 and 2.2%, respectively. Coal combustion was identified by As tracer and dominated the primary sources of PM , while the two different industrial sources were characterized by Cr and Mo, Co, Ni, and Se, respectively. The study is of great importance in characterizing the historical trends, current chemical characteristics and sources of fine particles in urban Chongqing. Chongqing, the largest megacity in southwest China, faces serious aerosol pollution but lacks information on particle characteristics and its sources. Official data released by Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau demonstrated that urban PM10 concentrations decreased remarkably from 150μgm−3 in 2000 to 90μgm−3 in 2012. However, only several peer-reviewed studies paid attention to local fine particle (PM2.5) pollution. In the study, PM2.5 samples were obtained and subjected to chemical analysis in an urban site of the city during 2012 to 2013. The annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in urban Chongqing were 103.9±52.5 and 75.4±42.2μgm−3, respectively. PM2.5 showed a distinct seasonality of high concentration in winter and similar levels in other seasons. The average OC/EC (organic carbon/element carbon) ratio was 3.7 with more high-OC/EC ratio sources contribution in autumn and winter. The varying sources and formation mechanisms resulted in SO42− and NH4+ peaks in both summer and winter, whereas high nitrate concentration was only observed in winter. In the average mass closure, PM2.5 was composed of 23.0% SO42−, 11.7% NO3−, 10.9% NH4+, 30.8% OM (organic matter), 5.2% EC, 8.2% mineral dust, 0.6% TEO (trace elements), 1.0% Cl− and 1.1% K+, while exhibiting large seasonal variability. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), six sources were apportioned in PM2.5: secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, other industrial pollution, soil dust, vehicular emission, and metallurgical industry. The annual mean contribution of above sources to PM2.5 was 37.5, 22.0, 17.5, 11.0, 9.8 and 2.2%, respectively. Coal combustion was identified by As tracer and dominated the primary sources of PM2.5, while the two different industrial sources were characterized by Cr and Mo, Co, Ni, and Se, respectively. The study is of great importance in characterizing the historical trends, current chemical characteristics and sources of fine particles in urban Chongqing. [Display omitted] •Historical and current particle pollution in urban Chongqing was characterized.•PM10 concentrations during 1995–2015 in Chongqing showed notable decrease.•PM2.5 level during 2012–2013 in urban Chongqing was 75.4±42.2μgm−3.•PM2.5 displayed unique seasonality of SO42− in summer and both OM and SNA in winter.•Six sources were identified and fossil fuel burning was the most important source. Chongqing, the largest megacity in southwest China, faces serious aerosol pollution but lacks information on particle characteristics and its sources. Official data released by Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau demonstrated that urban PM10 concentrations decreased remarkably from 150μgm⁻³ in 2000 to 90μgm⁻³ in 2012. However, only several peer-reviewed studies paid attention to local fine particle (PM2.5) pollution. In the study, PM2.5 samples were obtained and subjected to chemical analysis in an urban site of the city during 2012 to 2013. The annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in urban Chongqing were 103.9±52.5 and 75.4±42.2μgm⁻³, respectively. PM2.5 showed a distinct seasonality of high concentration in winter and similar levels in other seasons. The average OC/EC (organic carbon/element carbon) ratio was 3.7 with more high-OC/EC ratio sources contribution in autumn and winter. The varying sources and formation mechanisms resulted in SO4²⁻ and NH4⁺ peaks in both summer and winter, whereas high nitrate concentration was only observed in winter. In the average mass closure, PM2.5 was composed of 23.0% SO4²⁻, 11.7% NO3⁻, 10.9% NH4⁺, 30.8% OM (organic matter), 5.2% EC, 8.2% mineral dust, 0.6% TEO (trace elements), 1.0% Cl⁻ and 1.1% K⁺, while exhibiting large seasonal variability. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), six sources were apportioned in PM2.5: secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, other industrial pollution, soil dust, vehicular emission, and metallurgical industry. The annual mean contribution of above sources to PM2.5 was 37.5, 22.0, 17.5, 11.0, 9.8 and 2.2%, respectively. Coal combustion was identified by As tracer and dominated the primary sources of PM2.5, while the two different industrial sources were characterized by Cr and Mo, Co, Ni, and Se, respectively. The study is of great importance in characterizing the historical trends, current chemical characteristics and sources of fine particles in urban Chongqing. |
| Author | Xie, Shao-dong Luo, Bin Zhai, Chong-zhi Chen, Yuan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yuan surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Yuan organization: School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business,No.121 Zhangjialukou Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, PR China – sequence: 2 givenname: Shao-dong surname: Xie fullname: Xie, Shao-dong email: sdxie@pku.edu.cn organization: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China – sequence: 3 givenname: Bin surname: Luo fullname: Luo, Bin organization: Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, No.88 3rd East Guanghua Rd, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China – sequence: 4 givenname: Chong-zhi surname: Zhai fullname: Zhai, Chong-zhi organization: Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Center, No.252 Qishan Rd, Yubei District, Chongqing 401147, PR China |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28131453$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | aerosols ammonium compounds arsenic autumn carbon chemical analysis Chemical composition China chlorides Chongqing chromium coal cobalt combustion dust environmental protection industry molybdenum nickel nitrates organic matter particulates physicochemical properties pollution potassium seasonal variation selenium soil Source apportionment sulfates summer winter |
| Title | Particulate pollution in urban Chongqing of southwest China: Historical trends of variation, chemical characteristics and source apportionment |
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