Amygdala excitability to subliminally presented emotional faces distinguishes unipolar and bipolar depression: An fMRI and pattern classification study
Background Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the importa...
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| Published in | Human brain mapping Vol. 35; no. 7; pp. 2995 - 3007 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York, NY
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.07.2014
Wiley-Liss John Wiley & Sons, Inc John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1065-9471 1097-0193 1097-0193 |
| DOI | 10.1002/hbm.22380 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the important rapid and automatic stages of emotion processing in the amygdala have so far never been investigated in bipolar patients.
Methods
fMRI data of 22 bipolar depressed patients (BD), 22 matched unipolar depressed patients (MDD), and 22 healthy controls (HC) were obtained during processing of subliminal sad, happy and neutral faces. Amygdala responsiveness was investigated using standard univariate analyses as well as pattern‐recognition techniques to differentiate the two clinical groups. Furthermore, medication effects on amygdala responsiveness were explored.
Results
All subjects were unaware of the emotional faces. Univariate analysis revealed a significant group × emotion interaction within the left amygdala. Amygdala responsiveness to sad>neutral faces was increased in MDD relative to BD. In contrast, responsiveness to happy>neutral faces showed the opposite pattern, with higher amygdala activity in BD than in MDD. Most of the activation patterns in both clinical groups differed significantly from activation patterns of HC—and therefore represent abnormalities. Furthermore, pattern classification on amygdala activation to sad>happy faces yielded almost 80% accuracy differentiating MDD and BD patients. Medication had no significant effect on these findings.
Conclusions
Distinct amygdala excitability during automatic stages of the processing of emotional faces may reflect differential pathophysiological processes in BD versus MDD depression, potentially representing diagnosis‐specific neural markers mostly unaffected by current psychotropic medication. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2995–3007, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
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| AbstractList | Background Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the important rapid and automatic stages of emotion processing in the amygdala have so far never been investigated in bipolar patients. Methods fMRI data of 22 bipolar depressed patients (BD), 22 matched unipolar depressed patients (MDD), and 22 healthy controls (HC) were obtained during processing of subliminal sad, happy and neutral faces. Amygdala responsiveness was investigated using standard univariate analyses as well as pattern-recognition techniques to differentiate the two clinical groups. Furthermore, medication effects on amygdala responsiveness were explored. Results All subjects were unaware of the emotional faces. Univariate analysis revealed a significant group emotion interaction within the left amygdala. Amygdala responsiveness to sad>neutral faces was increased in MDD relative to BD. In contrast, responsiveness to happy>neutral faces showed the opposite pattern, with higher amygdala activity in BD than in MDD. Most of the activation patterns in both clinical groups differed significantly from activation patterns of HC-and therefore represent abnormalities. Furthermore, pattern classification on amygdala activation to sad>happy faces yielded almost 80% accuracy differentiating MDD and BD patients. Medication had no significant effect on these findings. Conclusions Distinct amygdala excitability during automatic stages of the processing of emotional faces may reflect differential pathophysiological processes in BD versus MDD depression, potentially representing diagnosis-specific neural markers mostly unaffected by current psychotropic medication. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2995-3007, 2014. copyright 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the important rapid and automatic stages of emotion processing in the amygdala have so far never been investigated in bipolar patients. fMRI data of 22 bipolar depressed patients (BD), 22 matched unipolar depressed patients (MDD), and 22 healthy controls (HC) were obtained during processing of subliminal sad, happy and neutral faces. Amygdala responsiveness was investigated using standard univariate analyses as well as pattern-recognition techniques to differentiate the two clinical groups. Furthermore, medication effects on amygdala responsiveness were explored. All subjects were unaware of the emotional faces. Univariate analysis revealed a significant group × emotion interaction within the left amygdala. Amygdala responsiveness to sad>neutral faces was increased in MDD relative to BD. In contrast, responsiveness to happy>neutral faces showed the opposite pattern, with higher amygdala activity in BD than in MDD. Most of the activation patterns in both clinical groups differed significantly from activation patterns of HC--and therefore represent abnormalities. Furthermore, pattern classification on amygdala activation to sad>happy faces yielded almost 80% accuracy differentiating MDD and BD patients. Medication had no significant effect on these findings. Distinct amygdala excitability during automatic stages of the processing of emotional faces may reflect differential pathophysiological processes in BD versus MDD depression, potentially representing diagnosis-specific neural markers mostly unaffected by current psychotropic medication. Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the important rapid and automatic stages of emotion processing in the amygdala have so far never been investigated in bipolar patients.BACKGROUNDBipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the important rapid and automatic stages of emotion processing in the amygdala have so far never been investigated in bipolar patients.fMRI data of 22 bipolar depressed patients (BD), 22 matched unipolar depressed patients (MDD), and 22 healthy controls (HC) were obtained during processing of subliminal sad, happy and neutral faces. Amygdala responsiveness was investigated using standard univariate analyses as well as pattern-recognition techniques to differentiate the two clinical groups. Furthermore, medication effects on amygdala responsiveness were explored.METHODSfMRI data of 22 bipolar depressed patients (BD), 22 matched unipolar depressed patients (MDD), and 22 healthy controls (HC) were obtained during processing of subliminal sad, happy and neutral faces. Amygdala responsiveness was investigated using standard univariate analyses as well as pattern-recognition techniques to differentiate the two clinical groups. Furthermore, medication effects on amygdala responsiveness were explored.All subjects were unaware of the emotional faces. Univariate analysis revealed a significant group × emotion interaction within the left amygdala. Amygdala responsiveness to sad>neutral faces was increased in MDD relative to BD. In contrast, responsiveness to happy>neutral faces showed the opposite pattern, with higher amygdala activity in BD than in MDD. Most of the activation patterns in both clinical groups differed significantly from activation patterns of HC--and therefore represent abnormalities. Furthermore, pattern classification on amygdala activation to sad>happy faces yielded almost 80% accuracy differentiating MDD and BD patients. Medication had no significant effect on these findings.RESULTSAll subjects were unaware of the emotional faces. Univariate analysis revealed a significant group × emotion interaction within the left amygdala. Amygdala responsiveness to sad>neutral faces was increased in MDD relative to BD. In contrast, responsiveness to happy>neutral faces showed the opposite pattern, with higher amygdala activity in BD than in MDD. Most of the activation patterns in both clinical groups differed significantly from activation patterns of HC--and therefore represent abnormalities. Furthermore, pattern classification on amygdala activation to sad>happy faces yielded almost 80% accuracy differentiating MDD and BD patients. Medication had no significant effect on these findings.Distinct amygdala excitability during automatic stages of the processing of emotional faces may reflect differential pathophysiological processes in BD versus MDD depression, potentially representing diagnosis-specific neural markers mostly unaffected by current psychotropic medication.CONCLUSIONSDistinct amygdala excitability during automatic stages of the processing of emotional faces may reflect differential pathophysiological processes in BD versus MDD depression, potentially representing diagnosis-specific neural markers mostly unaffected by current psychotropic medication. Background Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the important rapid and automatic stages of emotion processing in the amygdala have so far never been investigated in bipolar patients. Methods fMRI data of 22 bipolar depressed patients (BD), 22 matched unipolar depressed patients (MDD), and 22 healthy controls (HC) were obtained during processing of subliminal sad, happy and neutral faces. Amygdala responsiveness was investigated using standard univariate analyses as well as pattern‐recognition techniques to differentiate the two clinical groups. Furthermore, medication effects on amygdala responsiveness were explored. Results All subjects were unaware of the emotional faces. Univariate analysis revealed a significant group × emotion interaction within the left amygdala. Amygdala responsiveness to sad>neutral faces was increased in MDD relative to BD. In contrast, responsiveness to happy>neutral faces showed the opposite pattern, with higher amygdala activity in BD than in MDD. Most of the activation patterns in both clinical groups differed significantly from activation patterns of HC—and therefore represent abnormalities. Furthermore, pattern classification on amygdala activation to sad>happy faces yielded almost 80% accuracy differentiating MDD and BD patients. Medication had no significant effect on these findings. Conclusions Distinct amygdala excitability during automatic stages of the processing of emotional faces may reflect differential pathophysiological processes in BD versus MDD depression, potentially representing diagnosis‐specific neural markers mostly unaffected by current psychotropic medication. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2995–3007, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Background Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating neurobiological markers. Dysfunctional amygdala responsiveness during emotion processing has been implicated in both disorders, but the important rapid and automatic stages of emotion processing in the amygdala have so far never been investigated in bipolar patients. Methods fMRI data of 22 bipolar depressed patients (BD), 22 matched unipolar depressed patients (MDD), and 22 healthy controls (HC) were obtained during processing of subliminal sad, happy and neutral faces. Amygdala responsiveness was investigated using standard univariate analyses as well as pattern-recognition techniques to differentiate the two clinical groups. Furthermore, medication effects on amygdala responsiveness were explored. Results All subjects were unaware of the emotional faces. Univariate analysis revealed a significant group × emotion interaction within the left amygdala. Amygdala responsiveness to sad>neutral faces was increased in MDD relative to BD. In contrast, responsiveness to happy>neutral faces showed the opposite pattern, with higher amygdala activity in BD than in MDD. Most of the activation patterns in both clinical groups differed significantly from activation patterns of HC--and therefore represent abnormalities. Furthermore, pattern classification on amygdala activation to sad>happy faces yielded almost 80% accuracy differentiating MDD and BD patients. Medication had no significant effect on these findings. Conclusions Distinct amygdala excitability during automatic stages of the processing of emotional faces may reflect differential pathophysiological processes in BD versus MDD depression, potentially representing diagnosis-specific neural markers mostly unaffected by current psychotropic medication. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2995-3007, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Suslow, Thomas Dannlowski, Udo Redlich, Ronny Rauch, Astrid Veronika Grotegerd, Dominik Schmidt, Simone Stuhrmann, Anja Zwitserlood, Pienie Kugel, Harald Heindel, Walter Arolt, Volker Zwanzger, Peter |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University of Leipzig Germany 5 Department of Psychiatry University of Marburg Germany 3 Institute of Psychology University of Münster Germany 2 Department of Clinical Radiology University of Münster Germany 1 Department of Psychiatry University of Münster Germany |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Institute of Psychology University of Münster Germany – name: 1 Department of Psychiatry University of Münster Germany – name: 2 Department of Clinical Radiology University of Münster Germany – name: 5 Department of Psychiatry University of Marburg Germany – name: 4 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University of Leipzig Germany |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dominik surname: Grotegerd fullname: Grotegerd, Dominik organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Anja surname: Stuhrmann fullname: Stuhrmann, Anja organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Harald surname: Kugel fullname: Kugel, Harald organization: Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Simone surname: Schmidt fullname: Schmidt, Simone organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Ronny surname: Redlich fullname: Redlich, Ronny organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 6 givenname: Peter surname: Zwanzger fullname: Zwanzger, Peter organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Astrid Veronika surname: Rauch fullname: Rauch, Astrid Veronika organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 8 givenname: Walter surname: Heindel fullname: Heindel, Walter organization: Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Pienie surname: Zwitserlood fullname: Zwitserlood, Pienie organization: Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 10 givenname: Volker surname: Arolt fullname: Arolt, Volker organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: Thomas surname: Suslow fullname: Suslow, Thomas organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany – sequence: 12 givenname: Udo surname: Dannlowski fullname: Dannlowski, Udo email: dannlow@uni-muenster.de organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28523186$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24038516$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Issue | 7 |
| Keywords | Mood disorder pattern classification Nervous system diseases Amygdala Radiodiagnosis subliminal emotion processing Excitability Bipolar disorder Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging fMRI Unipolar Classification depression Face amygdala bipolar disorder |
| Language | English |
| License | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 CC BY 4.0 Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
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| Notes | istex:46289586D4FA689DCCD4088E8A9ED187E5D44EC8 ark:/67375/WNG-G6V6P0MX-6 Rolf-Dierichs-Stiftung - No. ZUW80037 Innovative Medizinische Forschung (IMF) of the Medical Faculty of Münster - No. DA120903; No. DA211012 ArticleID:HBM22380 Dominik Grotegerd and Anja Stuhrmann contributed equally to this work. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6869222 |
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| PublicationDate | July 2014 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2014-07-01 |
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| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | New York, NY |
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| PublicationTitle | Human brain mapping |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Hum. Brain Mapp |
| PublicationYear | 2014 |
| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley-Liss John Wiley & Sons, Inc John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Blackwell Publishing Ltd – name: Wiley-Liss – name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc – name: John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating... Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating... Background Bipolar disorder and Major depressive disorder are difficult to differentiate during depressive episodes, motivating research for differentiating... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult amygdala Amygdala - blood supply Amygdala - drug effects Amygdala - physiopathology Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use Biological and medical sciences bipolar disorder Bipolar Disorder - classification Bipolar Disorder - diagnosis Bipolar Disorder - drug therapy Brain Mapping depression Depressive Disorder, Major - classification Depressive Disorder, Major - diagnosis Depressive Disorder, Major - drug therapy Emotions - drug effects Emotions - physiology Face Facial Expression Female fMRI Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Human Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects) Learning. Memory Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical sciences Memory Middle Aged Nervous system Oxygen - blood pattern classification Pattern Recognition, Visual - drug effects Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology Photic Stimulation Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Radiodiagnosis. Nmr imagery. Nmr spectrometry Reaction Time - drug effects Signal Detection, Psychological subliminal emotion processing |
| Title | Amygdala excitability to subliminally presented emotional faces distinguishes unipolar and bipolar depression: An fMRI and pattern classification study |
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