Biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in southern Ethiopia

Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contrib...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inHeliyon Vol. 6; no. 10; p. e04791
Main Authors Desta, Getnet Alemu, Melka, Yoseph, Sime, Getachew, Yirga, Fikadu, Marie, Mequannt, Haile, Mebrahtu
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2020
Elsevier
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2405-8440
2405-8440
DOI10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791

Cover

Abstract Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m3 whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m3. The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO2 e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m3 digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential. Adopter, biogas energy, deforestation, fuelwood, greenhouse gas emission.
AbstractList Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m3 whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m3. The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO2 e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m3 digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential. Adopter, biogas energy, deforestation, fuelwood, greenhouse gas emission.
Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m3 whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m3. The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO2 e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m3 digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential.Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m3 whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m3. The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO2 e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m3 digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential.
Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m3 whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m3. The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO2 e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m3 digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential.
Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m3 whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m3. The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO2 e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m3 digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential. Adopter, biogas energy, deforestation, fuelwood, greenhouse gas emission.
Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m³ whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m³. The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO₂ e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m³ digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential.
ArticleNumber e04791
Author Haile, Mebrahtu
Melka, Yoseph
Marie, Mequannt
Sime, Getachew
Yirga, Fikadu
Desta, Getnet Alemu
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Getnet Alemu
  surname: Desta
  fullname: Desta, Getnet Alemu
  organization: Natural Resource Management Program, Oda Bultum University, Ethiopia
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Yoseph
  surname: Melka
  fullname: Melka, Yoseph
  organization: Natural Resources Economics and Policy Program, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Getachew
  surname: Sime
  fullname: Sime, Getachew
  organization: Department of Biology, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Fikadu
  surname: Yirga
  fullname: Yirga, Fikadu
  organization: Natural Resource Management Program, Oda Bultum University, Ethiopia
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Mequannt
  surname: Marie
  fullname: Marie, Mequannt
  organization: Natural Resource Management Program, Oda Bultum University, Ethiopia
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Mebrahtu
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7043-0976
  surname: Haile
  fullname: Haile, Mebrahtu
  email: mebrahtu.haile@yahoo.com
  organization: College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
BookMark eNqNkUFvEzEQhVeoiJbSn4C0Ry4J9tre9QoJRKsClSpxAXG0JvY4ceTYwd5NlX-Pl40Q5VJOHnnmPc1872V1FmLAqnpNyZIS2r7dLjfo3TGGZUMaskTCu54-qy4aTsRCck7O_qrPq6uct4QQKmTbd-xFdc4YJY1k5KL6ce3iGnI9oN6E6OP6WLtQ2xH9Q4ymznBwYV1DMLWGtIqhxp3L2ZUioRn1MFVFkOM4bDCF-nbYuLh38Kp6bsFnvDq9l9X3T7ffbr4s7r9-vrv5eL_QgrNhYTUjpO20ttTqjjMuWsJsA5ZotsKVlLbXPSMWTAO97oyEtu8lML5qsWWNYJfV3exrImzVPrkdpKOK4NTvj5jWCtLgtEcljDQatGBgCpaGAEzUiBQ949x2k1c7e41hD8cH8P6PISVqAq-26gReTeDVDL4I38_C_bjaodEYhgT-0TaPO8Ft1DoeVCc6IbksBm9OBin-HDEPqlDW6D0EjGNWjWh4ASUofXqUi5K56Ol0z7t5VKeYc0KrtBtgiqws4fyTR4l_1P8L48OswxL7wWFSWTsMGo1LqIeSi3vC4Rf5feja
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2021_e07971
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13399_023_04994_0
crossref_primary_10_17780_ksujes_1283411
crossref_primary_10_3390_f12121631
crossref_primary_10_55257_ethabd_1532820
crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2022_911485
Cites_doi 10.3390/land3031137
10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.090
10.1038/nclimate2491
10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.012
10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034002
10.1659/mrd.0730
10.1126/science.1239401
10.5897/AJEST2014.1838
10.1016/j.esd.2013.04.004
10.1007/s11104-013-1806-x
10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.041
10.1007/s00253-009-2246-7
10.1021/es301693f
10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.004
10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.026
10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2020 The Authors
2020 The Authors.
2020 The Authors 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: 2020 The Authors
– notice: 2020 The Authors.
– notice: 2020 The Authors 2020
DBID 6I.
AAFTH
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
7S9
L.6
5PM
ADTOC
UNPAY
DOA
DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791
DatabaseName ScienceDirect Open Access Titles
Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
AGRICOLA
AGRICOLA - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
Unpaywall for CDI: Periodical Content
Unpaywall
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
AGRICOLA
AGRICOLA - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
MEDLINE - Academic


AGRICOLA
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: UNPAY
  name: Unpaywall
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://unpaywall.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Access Repository
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
EISSN 2405-8440
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_5d8dcac53ad84420aa47910859344f75
10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791
PMC7575848
10_1016_j_heliyon_2020_e04791
S2405844020316340
GeographicLocations Ethiopia
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Ethiopia
GroupedDBID 0R~
457
53G
5VS
6I.
AACTN
AAEDW
AAFTH
AAFWJ
ABMAC
ACGFS
ACLIJ
ADBBV
ADEZE
ADVLN
AEXQZ
AFJKZ
AFPKN
AFTJW
AGHFR
AITUG
AKRWK
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMRAJ
AOIJS
BAWUL
BCNDV
DIK
EBS
EJD
FDB
GROUPED_DOAJ
HYE
IPNFZ
KQ8
M~E
O9-
OK1
RIG
ROL
RPM
SSZ
AALRI
AAYWO
AAYXX
ACVFH
ADCNI
AEUPX
AFPUW
AIGII
AKBMS
AKYEP
APXCP
CITATION
7X8
7S9
L.6
5PM
ADTOC
UNPAY
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-fc30067ccf1fc74345603f2af0c3beb88f9c930fad2a9c7d8a6998a34b6e63253
IEDL.DBID UNPAY
ISSN 2405-8440
IngestDate Fri Oct 03 12:53:28 EDT 2025
Sun Oct 26 04:15:47 EDT 2025
Tue Sep 30 16:31:25 EDT 2025
Fri Aug 22 20:24:05 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 08:38:29 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:05:48 EDT 2025
Wed Oct 01 06:42:16 EDT 2025
Sat Mar 22 15:54:40 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 10
Keywords Deforestation
Greenhouse gas emission
Biogas energy
Fuelwood
Adopter
Language English
License This is an open access article under the CC BY license.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
cc-by
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c543t-fc30067ccf1fc74345603f2af0c3beb88f9c930fad2a9c7d8a6998a34b6e63253
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-7043-0976
OpenAccessLink https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844020316340/pdf
PMID 33102830
PQID 2454405915
PQPubID 23479
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_5d8dcac53ad84420aa47910859344f75
unpaywall_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2020_e04791
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7575848
proquest_miscellaneous_2524300511
proquest_miscellaneous_2454405915
crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_heliyon_2020_e04791
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2020_e04791
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_heliyon_2020_e04791
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-10-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-10-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 10
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-10-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationTitle Heliyon
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher Elsevier Ltd
Elsevier
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier Ltd
– name: Elsevier
References (bib33) 2012
Bekele, Kassa, Mengistu, Debele, Melka (bib9) 2013; 2
Cuéllar, Webber (bib13) 2008; 3
Johnson, Pilco, Torres, Joshi, Shrestha, Yagnaraman, Canuz (bib28) 2013; 17
Aggarangsi, Tippayawong, Moran, Rerkkriangkrai (bib1) 2013; 17
Liu, Zhang, Ji, Joseph, Bian, Li, Paz-Ferreiro (bib30) 2013; 373
Erdogdu (bib18) 2008; 36
Bailis, Smith, Edwards (bib7) 2007
Eggleston, Buendia, Miwa, Ngara, Tanabe (bib17) 2006; 5
Idiata, Ebiogbe, Oriakhi, Iyalekhue (bib25) 2013; 2
Jetter, Zhao, Smith, Khan, Yelverton, DeCarlo, Hays (bib27) 2012; 46
Negusie (bib40) 2010
Arthur, Baidoo, Antwi (bib5) 2011; 36
Israel (bib26) 1992
(bib12) 2013
Hosonuma, Herold, De Sy, De Fries, Brockhaus, Verchot, Romijn (bib23) 2012; 7
Field, Barros (bib20) 2014
Harris (bib41) 2005
Wamuyu (bib38) 2014
Altizer, Ostfeld, Johnson, Kutz, Harvell (bib2) 2013; 341
(bib36) 2019
(bib37) 2012
Weiland (bib39) 2010; 85
Bailis, Drigo, Ghilardi, Masera (bib6) 2015
(bib22) 2019
Ango (bib4) 2005
Mengistu, Simane, Eshete, Workneh (bib31) 2015; 48
Amare (bib3) 2015; 9
Houghton, Meira Filho, Lim, Treanton, Mamaty (bib24) 1997
Dessie, Kleman (bib14) 2007; 27
Dresen, DeVries, Herold, Verchot, Müller (bib15) 2014; 3
(bib19) 2011
Lansing, Botero, Martin (bib29) 2008; 99
Smith, Dutta, Chengappa, Gusain, Masera, Berrueta, Shields (bib35) 2007; 11
Weiland (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib39) 2010; 85
(10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib33) 2012
Harris (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib41) 2005
Mengistu (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib31) 2015; 48
Bailis (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib6) 2015
Negusie (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib40) 2010
(10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib36) 2019
Eggleston (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib17) 2006; 5
Dessie (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib14) 2007; 27
Jetter (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib27) 2012; 46
(10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib19) 2011
Lansing (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib29) 2008; 99
(10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib37) 2012
Arthur (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib5) 2011; 36
Liu (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib30) 2013; 373
(10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib22) 2019
Idiata (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib25) 2013; 2
Cuéllar (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib13) 2008; 3
Bekele (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib9) 2013; 2
Israel (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib26) 1992
Dresen (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib15) 2014; 3
Houghton (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib24) 1997
Erdogdu (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib18) 2008; 36
Smith (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib35) 2007; 11
Field (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib20) 2014
Aggarangsi (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib1) 2013; 17
Ango (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib4) 2005
Bailis (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib7) 2007
Johnson (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib28) 2013; 17
Wamuyu (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib38) 2014
Amare (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib3) 2015; 9
(10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib12) 2013
Hosonuma (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib23) 2012; 7
Altizer (10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib2) 2013; 341
References_xml – year: 2005
  ident: bib41
  article-title: An introduction to Biogas
  publication-title: aculty of Sciences, Adelaide University, Roseworthy Campus, Australia,
– year: 2012
  ident: bib33
  article-title: Energy Bbalance and Statistics for Years 2005/06-2010/11.Minstry of Water, Irrigation and Energy (MOWIE)
– year: 2014
  ident: bib20
  article-title: Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Global and Sectoral Aspects
– year: 2012
  ident: bib37
  article-title: Default Values of Fraction of Non-renewable Biomass for Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States
– year: 1992
  ident: bib26
  article-title: Determining Sample Size: University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1510
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1516
  ident: bib5
  article-title: Biogas as a potential renewable energy source: a Ghanaian case study
  publication-title: Renew. Energy
– volume: 2
  start-page: 110
  year: 2013
  end-page: 114
  ident: bib25
  article-title: Wood fuel usage and the challenges on the environment
  publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci.
– volume: 5
  year: 2006
  ident: bib17
  publication-title: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
– volume: 99
  start-page: 5881
  year: 2008
  end-page: 5890
  ident: bib29
  article-title: Waste treatment and biogas quality in small-scale agricultural digesters
  publication-title: Bioresour. Technol.
– volume: 17
  start-page: 371
  year: 2013
  end-page: 377
  ident: bib1
  article-title: Overview of livestock biogas technology development and implementation in Thailand
  publication-title: Energy for Sustainable development
– volume: 17
  start-page: 403
  year: 2013
  end-page: 411
  ident: bib28
  article-title: Impacts on household fuel consumption from biomass stove programs in India, Nepal, and Peru
  publication-title: Energy for Sustainable development
– year: 2013
  ident: bib12
  article-title: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions at Wereda Level from 2014 – 2017
– year: 2019
  ident: bib22
  article-title: Renewables 2019 Global Status Report
– year: 2019
  ident: bib36
  article-title: Emissions Gap Report 2019
– year: 2014
  ident: bib38
  article-title: Analysis of Biogas Technology for Household Energy , Sustainable Livelihoods and Climate Change Mitigation in Kiambu County , Kenya
– volume: 85
  start-page: 849
  year: 2010
  end-page: 860
  ident: bib39
  article-title: Biogas production: current state and perspectives
  publication-title: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
– start-page: 266
  year: 2015
  end-page: 272
  ident: bib6
  article-title: The carbon footprint of traditional
  publication-title: Nat. Clim. Change
– year: 2010
  ident: bib40
  article-title: Study on current status of institutional biogas plants in Ethiopia.
  publication-title: ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
– volume: 46
  start-page: 10827
  year: 2012
  end-page: 10834
  ident: bib27
  article-title: Pollutant emissions and energy efficiency under controlled conditions for household biomass cookstoves and implications for metrics useful in setting international test standards
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 48
  start-page: 306
  year: 2015
  end-page: 316
  ident: bib31
  article-title: A review on biogas technology and its contributions to sustainable rural livelihood in Ethiopia
  publication-title: Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 162
  year: 2007
  end-page: 168
  ident: bib14
  article-title: Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the south central rift valley region of Ethiopia
  publication-title: Mt. Res. Dev.
– volume: 3
  year: 2008
  ident: bib13
  article-title: Cow power: the energy and emissions benefits of converting manure to biogas
  publication-title: Environ. Res. Lett.
– year: 2005
  ident: bib4
  article-title: Prospects of Sustainable Natural Resource Management and Livelihood Development in Wondo Genet Area , Southern Ethiopia
– volume: 2
  start-page: 448
  year: 2013
  end-page: 456
  ident: bib9
  article-title: Working with communities to address deforestation in the Wondo Genet Catchment Area, Ethiopia: lessons learnt from a participatory action research
  publication-title: Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management
– year: 2007
  ident: bib7
  article-title: Kitchen Performance Test (KPT)
– volume: 373
  start-page: 583
  year: 2013
  end-page: 594
  ident: bib30
  article-title: Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions—a meta-analysis of literature data
  publication-title: Plant Soil
– volume: 3
  start-page: 1137
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1157
  ident: bib15
  article-title: Fuelwood savings and carbon emission reductions by the use of improved cooking stoves in an afromontane forest, Ethiopia
  publication-title: Land
– volume: 36
  start-page: 2182
  year: 2008
  end-page: 2190
  ident: bib18
  article-title: An expose of bioenergy and its potential and utilization in Turkey
  publication-title: Energy Pol.
– start-page: 188
  year: 2011
  ident: bib19
  article-title: Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE). Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
– volume: 341
  start-page: 514
  year: 2013
  end-page: 519
  ident: bib2
  article-title: Climate change and infectious diseases: from evidence to a predictive framework
  publication-title: Science
– volume: 7
  year: 2012
  ident: bib23
  article-title: An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries
  publication-title: Environ. Res. Lett.
– volume: 11
  start-page: 5
  year: 2007
  end-page: 18
  ident: bib35
  article-title: Monitoring and evaluation of improved biomass cookstove programs for indoor air quality and stove performance: conclusions from the Household Energy and Health Project
  publication-title: Energy for Sustainable Development
– start-page: 2006
  year: 1997
  ident: bib24
  article-title: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
– volume: 9
  start-page: 332
  year: 2015
  end-page: 345
  ident: bib3
  article-title: The benefits of the use of biogas energy in rural areas in Ethiopia: a case study from the Amhara National Regional State, Fogera District
  publication-title: Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
– year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib22
– volume: 3
  start-page: 1137
  year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib15
  article-title: Fuelwood savings and carbon emission reductions by the use of improved cooking stoves in an afromontane forest, Ethiopia
  publication-title: Land
  doi: 10.3390/land3031137
– volume: 99
  start-page: 5881
  issue: 13
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib29
  article-title: Waste treatment and biogas quality in small-scale agricultural digesters
  publication-title: Bioresour. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.090
– year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib37
– year: 2005
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib4
– year: 2005
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib41
  article-title: An introduction to Biogas
  publication-title: aculty of Sciences, Adelaide University, Roseworthy Campus, Australia,
– year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib20
– start-page: 188
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib19
– year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib12
– year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib7
– start-page: 266
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib6
  article-title: The carbon footprint of traditional
  publication-title: Nat. Clim. Change
  doi: 10.1038/nclimate2491
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1510
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib5
  article-title: Biogas as a potential renewable energy source: a Ghanaian case study
  publication-title: Renew. Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.012
– year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib33
– volume: 3
  issue: 3
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib13
  article-title: Cow power: the energy and emissions benefits of converting manure to biogas
  publication-title: Environ. Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034002
– volume: 5
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib17
– volume: 2
  start-page: 448
  issue: 12
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib9
  article-title: Working with communities to address deforestation in the Wondo Genet Catchment Area, Ethiopia: lessons learnt from a participatory action research
  publication-title: Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management
– volume: 27
  start-page: 162
  issue: 2
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib14
  article-title: Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the south central rift valley region of Ethiopia
  publication-title: Mt. Res. Dev.
  doi: 10.1659/mrd.0730
– year: 2010
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib40
  article-title: Study on current status of institutional biogas plants in Ethiopia.
  publication-title: ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
– start-page: 2006
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib24
– volume: 341
  start-page: 514
  issue: 6145
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib2
  article-title: Climate change and infectious diseases: from evidence to a predictive framework
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1239401
– volume: 2
  start-page: 110
  issue: 4
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib25
  article-title: Wood fuel usage and the challenges on the environment
  publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci.
– volume: 9
  start-page: 332
  issue: 4
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib3
  article-title: The benefits of the use of biogas energy in rural areas in Ethiopia: a case study from the Amhara National Regional State, Fogera District
  publication-title: Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.5897/AJEST2014.1838
– volume: 17
  start-page: 403
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib28
  article-title: Impacts on household fuel consumption from biomass stove programs in India, Nepal, and Peru
  publication-title: Energy for Sustainable development
  doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2013.04.004
– volume: 373
  start-page: 583
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib30
  article-title: Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions—a meta-analysis of literature data
  publication-title: Plant Soil
  doi: 10.1007/s11104-013-1806-x
– volume: 36
  start-page: 2182
  issue: 6
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib18
  article-title: An expose of bioenergy and its potential and utilization in Turkey
  publication-title: Energy Pol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.041
– year: 1992
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib26
– year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib36
– volume: 85
  start-page: 849
  issue: 4
  year: 2010
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib39
  article-title: Biogas production: current state and perspectives
  publication-title: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2246-7
– volume: 46
  start-page: 10827
  issue: 19
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib27
  article-title: Pollutant emissions and energy efficiency under controlled conditions for household biomass cookstoves and implications for metrics useful in setting international test standards
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/es301693f
– volume: 17
  start-page: 371
  issue: 4
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib1
  article-title: Overview of livestock biogas technology development and implementation in Thailand
  publication-title: Energy for Sustainable development
  doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.004
– volume: 48
  start-page: 306
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib31
  article-title: A review on biogas technology and its contributions to sustainable rural livelihood in Ethiopia
  publication-title: Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.026
– volume: 11
  start-page: 5
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib35
  article-title: Monitoring and evaluation of improved biomass cookstove programs for indoor air quality and stove performance: conclusions from the Household Energy and Health Project
– volume: 7
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib23
  article-title: An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries
  publication-title: Environ. Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009
– year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791_bib38
SSID ssj0001586973
Score 2.186984
Snippet Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been...
SourceID doaj
unpaywall
pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
elsevier
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage e04791
SubjectTerms Adopter
animals
biogas
Biogas energy
biomass
carbon
carbon dioxide
climate change
crop residues
Deforestation
descriptive statistics
energy
energy industry
Ethiopia
feces
forest land
forest plantations
forests
Fuelwood
Greenhouse gas emission
household surveys
land use
t-test
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELZQD8AF8RRbCjIS1-wmsR3bxxZRVUhwoqI3a-IHTRU5q30I9d_jSbLLhgPLgWvicRR_k8xne_wNIR-Ck6WyhcisBJZxX7Gs9k5kMgWXFC-d1HWf5fu1urrmn2_EzUGpL8wJG-SBh4FbCKecBSsYOMV5mQNwqYtepovzIHv10lzpg8nUcD5YVbrfXk4RS2TJMv99fGdxN7_1bXPfof5pmc89yqwXk8DU6_dP4tMB__wze_LRNi7h_ie07UFounxKnoyckp4P7_KMPPDxOXn4Zdw1f0G-XzTdD1jTzX4ZnTaRhq1vMeGGrgEXFShERy2s6i5SrAGHq2h0hcKuCB0arLs-Gz5SzJHvlg28JNeXn759vMrGggqZFZxtsmAZRidrQxFsog6JPOUslBByy2pfKxW01SwP4ErQVjoFVZqNAeN1lUAsBXtFTmIX_WtCaxmQe0CpXc2DL0CnUA9F-jtIlLQXM8J3o2nsqDaORS9as0sruzMjCAZBMAMIMzLfmy0HuY1jBhcI1b4xqmX3F5IPmdGHzDEfmhG1A9qMxGMgFKmr5tjz3-8cwyRscLcFou-2a1NykbxO6EL8pY0oOdYLKFI_cuJVkxea3onNbS8DLhPTVlzNyGLvf_82Zqf_Y8zekMfY5ZDXeEZONqutf5v42aZ-13-KvwC5nzjM
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
Title Biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in southern Ethiopia
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04791
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2454405915
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2524300511
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7575848
http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844020316340/pdf
https://doaj.org/article/5d8dcac53ad84420aa47910859344f75
UnpaywallVersion publishedVersion
Volume 6
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVAFT
  databaseName: Open Access Digital Library
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2405-8440
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001586973
  issn: 2405-8440
  databaseCode: KQ8
  dateStart: 20150901
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://grweb.coalliance.org/oadl/oadl.html
  providerName: Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries
– providerCode: PRVAON
  databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2405-8440
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001586973
  issn: 2405-8440
  databaseCode: DOA
  dateStart: 20150101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– providerCode: PRVBFR
  databaseName: Free Medical Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2405-8440
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001586973
  issn: 2405-8440
  databaseCode: DIK
  dateStart: 20150101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://www.freemedicaljournals.com
  providerName: Flying Publisher
– providerCode: PRVHPJ
  databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2405-8440
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001586973
  issn: 2405-8440
  databaseCode: M~E
  dateStart: 20150101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org
  providerName: ISSN International Centre
– providerCode: PRVLSH
  databaseName: Elsevier Journals
  customDbUrl:
  mediaType: online
  eissn: 2405-8440
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001586973
  issn: 2405-8440
  databaseCode: AKRWK
  dateStart: 20150901
  isFulltext: true
  providerName: Library Specific Holdings
– providerCode: PRVAQN
  databaseName: PubMed Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2405-8440
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001586973
  issn: 2405-8440
  databaseCode: RPM
  dateStart: 20150101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
  providerName: National Library of Medicine
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Zb9NAEF6VVAJeuBHhqBaJVye2d9fHY4uoKiQqBESUJ2u8R-ti2VFiq2p_PTM-QgMSLY-OZxzbM_F8O_n8DWPvnInDRAfK0zEIT9pIeLk1youxuGC9NHGadyzf4-hoIT-eqJMdNg4uJFYlday7Z_Rw7-ZfsepgnaSVjkD4IP350rg7bDdSCL8nbHdx_Hn_Bw2RQzOP7H6_qTM_n53ZsrisSeo09GeWFNWDrRrUSfVvlaJrUPNPouS9tlrC5QWU5bUqdPiQfRnf5enJJz9nbZPP9NXf0o63v8BH7MGASfl-b_eY7djqCbv7afjX_Sn7flDUp7DmzaYNz4uKu9aWRNjha6CmBIfKcA2rvK44zZCjLhxfkTAshZ4c1nXHpq84cezrZQHP2OLww7f3R94wkMHTSorGc1pQddPaBU4j9EDw5QsXgvO1yG2eJC7VqfAdmBBSHZsEIlzNgZB5hEkQKvGcTaq6si8Yz2NH2AXC1OTS2QBShAoQ4NMlJkl8NWVyDFGmB7VyGppRZiMt7TwbIptRZLM-slM227gte7mOmxwOKP4bY1Lb7j6oV6fZEJ9MmcRo0EqAwSiFPgC5dlJxUroYTzYZsycbgEsPSPBQxU3f_3bMtgxjQ6kBla3bdRZKhRmh0kD9w0aFkuYNBHiceCtVty5oe09VnHUy4jEi9UQmUzbfJPXt7tnL__Z4xe7TVk-CfM0mzaq1bxDMNfle1wTZG37EvwDovEs_
linkProvider Unpaywall
linkToUnpaywall http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3bbtNAEF2VVIK-cK8INy0Sr3Zs725sP7aIqkKiQkBEebLGe2ldonWUOKrK1zPjS2hAouUxyYxj-0w8x5vjM4y9dSZNMh2rQKcgAmmnIiitUUGKzQX7pUnzslX5nkyPZ_LDqTrdYcPgQlJV0op1e43uz93kC3Yd7JN0pyOQPshosjDuDtudKqTfI7Y7O_l08J2GyGFYQHG_n9SZXITndl5d1WR1mkShJUf1eKsHtVb9W63oGtX8Uyh5b-0XcHUJ8_m1LnT0gH0enuXpxCc_wnVThvrn39aOtz_Ah-x-z0n5QRf3iO1Y_5jd_dj_6_6EfTus6jNY8WazDM8rz93azkmww1dAixIcvOEalmXtOc2Qo1U4viRjWIKeElZ1q6b3nDT29aKCp2x29P7ru-OgH8gQaCVFEzgtqLtp7WKnkXog-YqES8BFWpS2zDKX61xEDkwCuU5NBlO8mwMhyykWQaLEPhv52ttnjJepI-4CSW5K6WwMOVIFiPHqkpIlvhozOUBU6N6tnIZmzItBlnZR9MgWhGzRITtm4SZt0dl13JRwSPhvgsltu32jXp4VPT6FMpnRoJUAgyglEQCltlZxUroUdzYbqqfoiUtHSHBT1U3f_2aotgKxodIAb-v1qkikwopQeaz-EaMSSfMGYtxOulWqWwe0_Ymvzlsb8RSZeiazMZtsivp25-z5f2e8YHv0qhNBvmSjZrm2r5DMNeXr_uf7Cyr-Sko
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biogas+technology+in+fuelwood+saving+and+carbon+emission+reduction+in+southern+Ethiopia&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.au=Desta%2C+Getnet+Alemu&rft.au=Melka%2C+Yoseph&rft.au=Sime%2C+Getachew&rft.au=Yirga%2C+Fikadu&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=2405-8440&rft.eissn=2405-8440&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2020.e04791&rft.externalDocID=S2405844020316340
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2405-8440&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2405-8440&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2405-8440&client=summon