Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk
The production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) from dietary phosphatidylcholine was found to be dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels were associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiac events. The phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (lecithin...
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| Published in | The New England journal of medicine Vol. 368; no. 17; pp. 1575 - 1584 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Waltham, MA
Massachusetts Medical Society
25.04.2013
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0028-4793 1533-4406 1533-4406 |
| DOI | 10.1056/NEJMoa1109400 |
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| Abstract | The production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) from dietary phosphatidylcholine was found to be dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels were associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiac events.
The phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is the major dietary source of choline, a semiessential nutrient that is part of the B-complex vitamin family.
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Choline has various metabolic roles, ranging from its essential involvement in lipid metabolism and cell-membrane structure to its role as a precursor for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Choline and some of its metabolites, such as betaine, can also serve as a source of methyl groups that are required for proper metabolism of certain amino acids, such as homocysteine and methionine.
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There is a growing awareness that intestinal microbial organisms, collectively termed microbiota, participate in the . . . |
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| AbstractList | BackgroundRecent studies in animals have shown a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of the choline moiety in dietary phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and coronary artery disease through the production of a proatherosclerotic metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We investigated the relationship among intestinal microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine, TMAO levels, and adverse cardiovascular events in humans.MethodsWe quantified plasma and urinary levels of TMAO and plasma choline and betaine levels by means of liquid chromatography and online tandem mass spectrometry after a phosphatidylcholine challenge (ingestion of two hard-boiled eggs and deuterium [d9]-labeled phosphatidylcholine) in healthy participants before and after the suppression of intestinal microbiota with oral broad-spectrum antibiotics. We further examined the relationship between fasting plasma levels of TMAO and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) during 3 years of follow-up in 4007 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography.ResultsTime-dependent increases in levels of both TMAO and its d9 isotopologue, as well as other choline metabolites, were detected after the phosphatidylcholine challenge. Plasma levels of TMAO were markedly suppressed after the administration of antibiotics and then reappeared after withdrawal of antibiotics. Increased plasma levels of TMAO were associated with an increased risk of a major adverse cardiovascular event (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest TMAO quartile, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.28; P<0.001). An elevated TMAO level predicted an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after adjustment for traditional risk factors (P<0.001), as well as in lower-risk subgroups.ConclusionsThe production of TMAO from dietary phosphatidylcholine is dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.) The production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) from dietary phosphatidylcholine was found to be dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels were associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiac events. The phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is the major dietary source of choline, a semiessential nutrient that is part of the B-complex vitamin family. 1 , 2 Choline has various metabolic roles, ranging from its essential involvement in lipid metabolism and cell-membrane structure to its role as a precursor for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Choline and some of its metabolites, such as betaine, can also serve as a source of methyl groups that are required for proper metabolism of certain amino acids, such as homocysteine and methionine. 3 There is a growing awareness that intestinal microbial organisms, collectively termed microbiota, participate in the . . . Recent studies in animals have shown a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of the choline moiety in dietary phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and coronary artery disease through the production of a proatherosclerotic metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We investigated the relationship among intestinal microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine, TMAO levels, and adverse cardiovascular events in humans. We quantified plasma and urinary levels of TMAO and plasma choline and betaine levels by means of liquid chromatography and online tandem mass spectrometry after a phosphatidylcholine challenge (ingestion of two hard-boiled eggs and deuterium [d9]-labeled phosphatidylcholine) in healthy participants before and after the suppression of intestinal microbiota with oral broad-spectrum antibiotics. We further examined the relationship between fasting plasma levels of TMAO and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) during 3 years of follow-up in 4007 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Time-dependent increases in levels of both TMAO and its d9 isotopologue, as well as other choline metabolites, were detected after the phosphatidylcholine challenge. Plasma levels of TMAO were markedly suppressed after the administration of antibiotics and then reappeared after withdrawal of antibiotics. Increased plasma levels of TMAO were associated with an increased risk of a major adverse cardiovascular event (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest TMAO quartile, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.28; P<0.001). An elevated TMAO level predicted an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after adjustment for traditional risk factors (P<0.001), as well as in lower-risk subgroups. The production of TMAO from dietary phosphatidylcholine is dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.). Recent studies in animals have shown a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of the choline moiety in dietary phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and coronary artery disease through the production of a proatherosclerotic metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We investigated the relationship among intestinal microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine, TMAO levels, and adverse cardiovascular events in humans.BACKGROUNDRecent studies in animals have shown a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of the choline moiety in dietary phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and coronary artery disease through the production of a proatherosclerotic metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We investigated the relationship among intestinal microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine, TMAO levels, and adverse cardiovascular events in humans.We quantified plasma and urinary levels of TMAO and plasma choline and betaine levels by means of liquid chromatography and online tandem mass spectrometry after a phosphatidylcholine challenge (ingestion of two hard-boiled eggs and deuterium [d9]-labeled phosphatidylcholine) in healthy participants before and after the suppression of intestinal microbiota with oral broad-spectrum antibiotics. We further examined the relationship between fasting plasma levels of TMAO and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) during 3 years of follow-up in 4007 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography.METHODSWe quantified plasma and urinary levels of TMAO and plasma choline and betaine levels by means of liquid chromatography and online tandem mass spectrometry after a phosphatidylcholine challenge (ingestion of two hard-boiled eggs and deuterium [d9]-labeled phosphatidylcholine) in healthy participants before and after the suppression of intestinal microbiota with oral broad-spectrum antibiotics. We further examined the relationship between fasting plasma levels of TMAO and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) during 3 years of follow-up in 4007 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography.Time-dependent increases in levels of both TMAO and its d9 isotopologue, as well as other choline metabolites, were detected after the phosphatidylcholine challenge. Plasma levels of TMAO were markedly suppressed after the administration of antibiotics and then reappeared after withdrawal of antibiotics. Increased plasma levels of TMAO were associated with an increased risk of a major adverse cardiovascular event (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest TMAO quartile, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.28; P<0.001). An elevated TMAO level predicted an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after adjustment for traditional risk factors (P<0.001), as well as in lower-risk subgroups.RESULTSTime-dependent increases in levels of both TMAO and its d9 isotopologue, as well as other choline metabolites, were detected after the phosphatidylcholine challenge. Plasma levels of TMAO were markedly suppressed after the administration of antibiotics and then reappeared after withdrawal of antibiotics. Increased plasma levels of TMAO were associated with an increased risk of a major adverse cardiovascular event (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest TMAO quartile, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.28; P<0.001). An elevated TMAO level predicted an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after adjustment for traditional risk factors (P<0.001), as well as in lower-risk subgroups.The production of TMAO from dietary phosphatidylcholine is dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).CONCLUSIONSThe production of TMAO from dietary phosphatidylcholine is dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota. Increased TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.). |
| Author | Koeth, Robert A Wang, Zeneng Britt, Earl B Tang, W.H. Wilson Fu, Xiaoming Levison, Bruce S Hazen, Stanley L Wu, Yuping |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: W.H. Wilson surname: Tang fullname: Tang, W.H. Wilson organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland – sequence: 2 givenname: Zeneng surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zeneng organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland – sequence: 3 givenname: Bruce S surname: Levison fullname: Levison, Bruce S organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert A surname: Koeth fullname: Koeth, Robert A organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland – sequence: 5 givenname: Earl B surname: Britt fullname: Britt, Earl B organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland – sequence: 6 givenname: Xiaoming surname: Fu fullname: Fu, Xiaoming organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland – sequence: 7 givenname: Yuping surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Yuping organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland – sequence: 8 givenname: Stanley L surname: Hazen fullname: Hazen, Stanley L organization: From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27199265$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23614584$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CODEN | NEJMAG |
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| Snippet | The production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) from dietary phosphatidylcholine was found to be dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota.... Recent studies in animals have shown a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of the choline moiety in dietary phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)... BackgroundRecent studies in animals have shown a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of the choline moiety in dietary phosphatidylcholine... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acute coronary syndromes Administration, Oral Aged Angiography Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use Antibiotics Betaine Betaine - blood Biological and medical sciences Blood diseases Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - blood Cerebral infarction Choline Choline - administration & dosage Choline - blood Coronary artery Eggs Female General aspects Heart attacks Heart diseases Humans Intestinal microflora Intestine Intestines - metabolism Intestines - microbiology Intubation Kaplan-Meier Estimate Laboratories Lecithin Liquid chromatography Male Mass spectroscopy Medical sciences Metabolism Metabolites Metagenome - drug effects Metagenome - physiology Methylamines - blood Methylamines - urine Microbiota Microorganisms Middle Aged Myocardial infarction Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylcholines - administration & dosage Phosphatidylcholines - metabolism Plasma Plasma levels Prospective Studies Risk Factors Trimethylamine Trimethylamine-N-oxide |
| Title | Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk |
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