Emphysematous rumenitis in a Japanese black calf caused by Clostridium perfringens with secondary Balantidium coli infection
A 4-month-old Japanese black calf exhibited anorexia and respiratory distress. Necropsy revealed a spongiform appearance of the rumen wall and histologically diagnosed as emphysematous rumenitis. The ruminal mucosa exhibited characteristic lesions of chemical rumenitis, so ruminal acidosis is suspec...
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| Published in | Journal of Veterinary Medical Science Vol. 87; no. 7; pp. 735 - 740 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Japan
JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
2025
Japan Science and Technology Agency The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science |
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| ISSN | 0916-7250 1347-7439 1347-7439 |
| DOI | 10.1292/jvms.24-0403 |
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| Abstract | A 4-month-old Japanese black calf exhibited anorexia and respiratory distress. Necropsy revealed a spongiform appearance of the rumen wall and histologically diagnosed as emphysematous rumenitis. The ruminal mucosa exhibited characteristic lesions of chemical rumenitis, so ruminal acidosis is suspected. Gram-positive bacilli were discernible on the degenerated ruminal mucosal surface and reacted with Clostridium species antibodies. Anaerobic cultures yielded Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as C. perfringens type A. The lumen and submucosa of the rumen showed a large ciliated trophozoite confirmed by PCR as Balantidium coli (B. coli). These findings suggest that ruminal acidosis leads to dysbiosis and allows C. perfringens type A to grow, causing emphysematous rumenitis and facilitating secondary B. coli infection. |
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| AbstractList | A 4-month-old Japanese black calf exhibited anorexia and respiratory distress. Necropsy revealed a spongiform appearance of the rumen wall and histologically diagnosed as emphysematous rumenitis. The ruminal mucosa exhibited characteristic lesions of chemical rumenitis, so ruminal acidosis is suspected. Gram-positive bacilli were discernible on the degenerated ruminal mucosal surface and reacted with Clostridium species antibodies. Anaerobic cultures yielded Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as C. perfringens type A. The lumen and submucosa of the rumen showed a large ciliated trophozoite confirmed by PCR as Balantidium coli (B. coli). These findings suggest that ruminal acidosis leads to dysbiosis and allows C. perfringens type A to grow, causing emphysematous rumenitis and facilitating secondary B. coli infection.A 4-month-old Japanese black calf exhibited anorexia and respiratory distress. Necropsy revealed a spongiform appearance of the rumen wall and histologically diagnosed as emphysematous rumenitis. The ruminal mucosa exhibited characteristic lesions of chemical rumenitis, so ruminal acidosis is suspected. Gram-positive bacilli were discernible on the degenerated ruminal mucosal surface and reacted with Clostridium species antibodies. Anaerobic cultures yielded Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as C. perfringens type A. The lumen and submucosa of the rumen showed a large ciliated trophozoite confirmed by PCR as Balantidium coli (B. coli). These findings suggest that ruminal acidosis leads to dysbiosis and allows C. perfringens type A to grow, causing emphysematous rumenitis and facilitating secondary B. coli infection. A 4-month-old Japanese black calf exhibited anorexia and respiratory distress. Necropsy revealed a spongiform appearance of the rumen wall and histologically diagnosed as emphysematous rumenitis. The ruminal mucosa exhibited characteristic lesions of chemical rumenitis, so ruminal acidosis is suspected. Gram-positive bacilli were discernible on the degenerated ruminal mucosal surface and reacted with Clostridium species antibodies. Anaerobic cultures yielded Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as C. perfringens type A. The lumen and submucosa of the rumen showed a large ciliated trophozoite confirmed by PCR as Balantidium coli (B. coli). These findings suggest that ruminal acidosis leads to dysbiosis and allows C. perfringens type A to grow, causing emphysematous rumenitis and facilitating secondary B. coli infection. A 4-month-old Japanese black calf exhibited anorexia and respiratory distress. Necropsy revealed a spongiform appearance of the rumen wall and histologically diagnosed as emphysematous rumenitis. The ruminal mucosa exhibited characteristic lesions of chemical rumenitis, so ruminal acidosis is suspected. Gram-positive bacilli were discernible on the degenerated ruminal mucosal surface and reacted with Clostridium species antibodies. Anaerobic cultures yielded Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as C. perfringens type A. The lumen and submucosa of the rumen showed a large ciliated trophozoite confirmed by PCR as Balantidium coli (B. coli). These findings suggest that ruminal acidosis leads to dysbiosis and allows C. perfringens type A to grow, causing emphysematous rumenitis and facilitating secondary B. coli infection. |
| ArticleNumber | 24-0403 |
| Author | Mutsumi NAKAI Takuya HIRAI Asmaa A. HEGAZY Miho KAKIYA Naoyuki FUKE Hiroaki KONDO |
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| Cites_doi | 10.2460/javma.1981.178.07.732 10.1177/104063870701900409 10.22456/1679-9216.86255 10.6090/jarq.51.85 10.3390/immuno2020024 10.5962/bhl.title.7000 10.1590/S0101-98802008000200014 10.1136/vr.163.13.391 10.12935/jvma1951.38.587 10.1136/vr.110.21.506 10.2460/javma.1987.190.12.1550 10.4236/ojvm.2012.22013 10.1177/0300985814568684 10.1007/s00580-016-2267-4 10.1016/j.protis.2011.06.008 10.1016/S0378-1135(03)00126-3 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.013 10.1177/0300985811404710 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105298 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.32 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.04.002 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.010 10.3390/ruminants2010009 10.1292/jvms.22-0432 10.1007/978-3-319-30533-2_5 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.024 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.2.207 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00327-3 10.1080/00480169.1959.33325 10.1017/S0950268899003295 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.12.004 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151078 10.1292/jvms.61.63 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0363 |
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| Keywords | Balantidium coli Japanese black calf emphysematous rumenitis ruminal acidosis Clostridium perfringens |
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Mada T, Goto Y, Kumagai M, Sakai H, Kanamori H, Takamatsu D. 2023. A calf with hind limb paralysis and dysstasia and a genome sequence analysis of an isolated Clostridium perfringens toxinotype E strain. J Vet Med Sci 85: 279–289. 31. Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG, Avery TB, Kennedy GA. 1987. Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from neonatal calves with ruminal and abomasal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190: 1550–1555. 23. Nagaraja TG, Lechtenberg KF. 2007. Acidosis in feedlot cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 23: 333–350, viii–ix. 27. Panciera RJ, Boileau MJ, Step DL. 2007. Tympany, acidosis, and mural emphysema of the stomach in calves: report of cases and experimental induction. J Vet Diagn Invest 19: 392–395. 33. Salles VJA, Saba E, Cauduro AB, Salgado FC. 2008. Pneumatosis Cystoides intestinalis. Rev Bras Coloproctol 28: 238–240. 16. Khalil A, Batool A, Arif S. 2022. Healthy cattle microbiome and dysbiosis in diseased phenotypes. Ruminants 2: 134–156. 17. Leite Filho RV, Bianchi MV, Fredo G, Oliveira ECD, Laisse CJM, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. 2016. Emphysematous abomasitis in a lamb by bacteria of the Sarcina genus in Southern Brazil. Cienc Rural 46: 300–303. 15. Headley SA, Kummala E, Sukura A. 2008. Balantidium coli-infection in a Finnish horse. Vet Parasitol 158: 129–132. 36. Van Kruiningen HJ, Nyaoke CA, Sidor IF, Fabis JJ, Hinckley LS, Lindell KA. 2009. Clostridial abomasal disease in Connecticut dairy calves. Can Vet J 50: 857–860. 25. Ohfuji S. 2015. Emphysematous eosinophilic lymphangitis in the ruminal submucosa of cattle. Vet Pathol 52: 1163–1166. 4. Baums CG, Schotte U, Amtsberg G, Goethe R. 2004. Diagnostic multiplex PCR for toxin genotyping of Clostridium perfringens isolates. Vet Microbiol 100: 11–16. 26. Ohfuji S. 2016. Pathology of emphysematous reticulitis in cattle: report of two cases and comparative overview of similar or identical conditions. Comp Clin Pathol 25: 805–813. 21. Meyer RC, Simon J. 1977. Intestinal emphysema (Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis) in a gnotobiotic pig. Can J Comp Med 41: 302–305. 14. Gkiourtzidis K, Frey J, Bourtzi-Hatzopoulou E, Iliadis N, Sarris K. 2001. PCR detection and prevalence of α-, β-, β 2-, ε-, ι- and enterotoxin genes in Clostridium perfringens isolated from lambs with clostridial dysentery. Vet Microbiol 82: 39–43. 7. Diab SS, Kinde H, Moore J, Shahriar MF, Odani J, Anthenill L, Songer G, Uzal FA. 2012. Pathology of Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia in horses. Vet Pathol 49: 255–263. 28. Ponce-Gordo F, Fonseca-Salamanca F, Martínez-Díaz RA. 2011. Genetic heterogeneity in internal transcribed spacer genes of Balantidium coli (Litostomatea, Ciliophora). Protist 162: 774–794. 37. Vatn S, Tranulis MA, Hofshagen M. 2000. Sarcina -like bacteria, Clostridium fallax and Clostridium sordellii in lambs with abomasal bloat, haemorrhage and ulcers. J Comp Pathol 122: 193–200. 8. Edwards GT, Woodger NG, Barlow AM, Bell SJ, Harwood DG, Otter A, Wight AR. 2008. Sarcina-like bacteria associated with bloat in young lambs and calves. Vet Rec 163: 391–393. 35. Songer J, Miskimins DW. 2005. Clostridial abomasitis in calves: case report and review of the literature. Anaerobe 11: 290–294. 9. Eustis SL, Bergeland ME. 1981. Suppurative abomasitis associated with Clostridium septicum infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178: 732–734. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 10 32 11 33 12 34 13 35 14 36 15 37 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 5. Cho HS, Shin SS, Park NY. 2006. Balantidiasis in the gastric lymph nodes of Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia): an incidental finding. J Vet Sci 7: 207–209. – reference: 16. Khalil A, Batool A, Arif S. 2022. Healthy cattle microbiome and dysbiosis in diseased phenotypes. Ruminants 2: 134–156. – reference: 15. Headley SA, Kummala E, Sukura A. 2008. Balantidium coli-infection in a Finnish horse. Vet Parasitol 158: 129–132. – reference: 36. Van Kruiningen HJ, Nyaoke CA, Sidor IF, Fabis JJ, Hinckley LS, Lindell KA. 2009. Clostridial abomasal disease in Connecticut dairy calves. Can Vet J 50: 857–860. – reference: 4. Baums CG, Schotte U, Amtsberg G, Goethe R. 2004. Diagnostic multiplex PCR for toxin genotyping of Clostridium perfringens isolates. Vet Microbiol 100: 11–16. – reference: 22. Millen DD, Pacheco RDL, da Silva Cabral L, Cursino LL, Watanabe DHM, Rigueiro ALN. 2016. Ruminal acidosis. Rumenology127–156. – reference: 20. Francisco AU, Brandon LP, Jesse MH. 2016. Alimentary system. pp. 39–42, 243–244. In: Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed. vol 2 (Maxie MG ed.), Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh. – reference: 3. Ali BH, Abdelaziz M. 1982. Balantidiasis in a camel. Vet Rec 110: 506. – reference: 21. Meyer RC, Simon J. 1977. Intestinal emphysema (Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis) in a gnotobiotic pig. Can J Comp Med 41: 302–305. – reference: 10. Fu Y, Alenezi T, Sun X. 2022. Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic diseases: an overview. Immuno 2: 387–407. – reference: 14. Gkiourtzidis K, Frey J, Bourtzi-Hatzopoulou E, Iliadis N, Sarris K. 2001. PCR detection and prevalence of α-, β-, β 2-, ε-, ι- and enterotoxin genes in Clostridium perfringens isolated from lambs with clostridial dysentery. Vet Microbiol 82: 39–43. – reference: 18. Levine ND. 1961. The ciliates. pp. 371–374. In: Protozoan Parasites of Domestic Animals and of Man, Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis. – reference: 9. Eustis SL, Bergeland ME. 1981. Suppurative abomasitis associated with Clostridium septicum infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178: 732–734. – reference: 35. Songer J, Miskimins DW. 2005. Clostridial abomasitis in calves: case report and review of the literature. Anaerobe 11: 290–294. – reference: 6. Dewes H. 1959. An occurrence of Balantidium coli in calves. N Z Vet J 7: 42–42. – reference: 13. Giarratana F, Muscolino D, Taviano G, Ziino G. 2012. Balantidium coli in pigs regularly slaughtered at abattoirs of the province of Messina: Hygienic observations. Open J Vet Med 2: 77–80. – reference: 7. Diab SS, Kinde H, Moore J, Shahriar MF, Odani J, Anthenill L, Songer G, Uzal FA. 2012. Pathology of Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia in horses. Vet Pathol 49: 255–263. – reference: 11. Fukao T, Sato M, Tanaka Y, Monma C, Kato N. 2004. An outbreak of diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens following exposure to a contaminated environment in a nursing home. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 78: 32–39 (in Japanese). – reference: 19. Mada T, Goto Y, Kumagai M, Sakai H, Kanamori H, Takamatsu D. 2023. A calf with hind limb paralysis and dysstasia and a genome sequence analysis of an isolated Clostridium perfringens toxinotype E strain. J Vet Med Sci 85: 279–289. – reference: 17. Leite Filho RV, Bianchi MV, Fredo G, Oliveira ECD, Laisse CJM, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. 2016. Emphysematous abomasitis in a lamb by bacteria of the Sarcina genus in Southern Brazil. Cienc Rural 46: 300–303. – reference: 24. Nakauchi K. 1999. The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species. J Vet Med Sci 61: 63–65. – reference: 29. Ponce-Gordo F, Jimenez-Ruiz E, Martínez-Díaz RA. 2008. 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| SubjectTerms | Acidosis Animals Anorexia Balantidiasis - complications Balantidiasis - microbiology Balantidiasis - pathology Balantidiasis - veterinary Balantidium - isolation & purification Balantidium coli Cattle Cattle Diseases - microbiology Cattle Diseases - pathology Clostridium Infections - complications Clostridium Infections - microbiology Clostridium Infections - pathology Clostridium Infections - veterinary Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens - isolation & purification Dysbacteriosis Emphysema - microbiology Emphysema - pathology Emphysema - veterinary emphysematous rumenitis Gram-positive bacilli Japanese black calf Male Necropsy Pathology Polymerase chain reaction Rumen Rumen - microbiology Rumen - pathology Rumenitis ruminal acidosis Stomach Diseases - microbiology Stomach Diseases - pathology Stomach Diseases - veterinary |
| Title | Emphysematous rumenitis in a Japanese black calf caused by Clostridium perfringens with secondary Balantidium coli infection |
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