Validation of expert system enhanced deep learning algorithm for automated screening for COVID-Pneumonia on chest X-rays

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 11; no. 1; pp. 23210 - 12
• Main Authors: Gidde, Prashant Sadashiv, Prasad, Shyam Sunder, Singh, Ajay Pratap, Bhatheja, Nitin, Prakash, Satyartha, Singh, Prateek, Saboo, Aakash, Takhar, Rohit, Gupta, Salil, Saurav, Sumeet, M. V., Raghunandanan, Singh, Amritpal, Sardana, Viren, Mahajan, Harsh, Kalyanpur, Arjun, Mandal, Atanendu Shekhar, Mahajan, Vidur, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Anjali, Venugopal, Vasantha Kumar, Singh, Sanjay, Dash, Debasis
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.12.2021; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 639/166/985; 692/308/575; Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - complications; COVID-19 - virology; Deep Learning; Diagnosis; Expert Systems; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods; Incidence; India - epidemiology; multidisciplinary; Neural Networks, Computer; Pandemics; Performance assessment; Pneumonia; Pneumonia - diagnosis; Pneumonia - diagnostic imaging; Pneumonia - epidemiology; Pneumonia - virology; Polymerase chain reaction; Quarantine; Radiography, Thoracic - methods; Retrospective Studies; SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods; X-rays; India
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02003-w

SARS-CoV2 pandemic exposed the limitations of artificial intelligence based medical imaging systems. Earlier in the pandemic, the absence of sufficient training data prevented effective deep learning (DL) solutions for the diagnosis of COVID-19 based on X-Ray data. Here, addressing the lacunae in existing literature and algorithms with the paucity of initial training data; we describe CovBaseAI, an explainable tool using an ensemble of three DL models and an expert decision system (EDS) for COVID-Pneumonia diagnosis, trained entirely on pre-COVID-19 datasets. The performance and explainability of CovBaseAI was primarily validated on two independent datasets. Firstly, 1401 randomly selected CxR from an Indian quarantine center to assess effectiveness in excluding radiological COVID-Pneumonia requiring higher care. Second, curated dataset; 434 RT-PCR positive cases and 471 non-COVID/Normal historical scans, to assess performance in advanced medical settings. CovBaseAI had an accuracy of 87% with a negative predictive value of 98% in the quarantine-center data. However, sensitivity was 0.66–0.90 taking RT-PCR/radiologist opinion as ground truth. This work provides new insights on the usage of EDS with DL methods and the ability of algorithms to confidently predict COVID-Pneumonia while reinforcing the established learning; that benchmarking based on RT-PCR may not serve as reliable ground truth in radiological diagnosis. Such tools can pave the path for multi-modal high throughput detection of COVID-Pneumonia in screening and referral.