Towards machine learning aided real-time range imaging in proton therapy

Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED i...

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Published in	Scientific reports Vol. 12; no. 1; pp. 2735 - 17
Main Authors	Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge, Balibrea-Correa, Javier, Babiano-Suárez, Víctor, Ladarescu, Ion, Domingo-Pardo, César
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Nature Publishing Group UK 17.02.2022 Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio
Subjects	639/766/387/1126 639/766/930/2735 692/4028/67/1059/485 Cameras Crystals Diagnostic Imaging Efficiency Humanities and Social Sciences Image processing Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Learning algorithms Machine Learning multidisciplinary Nuclear physics Phantoms, Imaging Proton Therapy Protons Radiation therapy Science Science (multidisciplinary)
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ISSN	2045-2322 2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-06126-6

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Abstract	Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by γ -ray energies spanning up to 5–6 MeV, rather low γ -ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced γ -ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high γ -ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl 3 crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr 3 . Its high time-resolution (CRT ∼ 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl 3 monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV γ -ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10 8 protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy γ -rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2.
AbstractList	Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by γ -ray energies spanning up to 5–6 MeV, rather low γ -ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced γ -ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high γ -ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl 3 crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr 3 . Its high time-resolution (CRT ∼ 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl 3 monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV γ -ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10 8 protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy γ -rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2. Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by $$\gamma $$ γ -ray energies spanning up to 5–6 MeV, rather low $$\gamma $$ γ -ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced $$\gamma $$ γ -ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high $$\gamma $$ γ -ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl $$_{3}$$ 3 crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr $$_{3}$$ 3 . Its high time-resolution (CRT $$\sim $$ ∼ 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl $$_{3}$$ 3 monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV $$\gamma $$ γ -ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10 $$^{8}$$ 8 protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy $$\gamma $$ γ -rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2. Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by γ-ray energies spanning up to 5–6 MeV, rather low γ-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced γ-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high γ-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl3 crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr3. Its high time-resolution (CRT ∼ 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl3 monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV γ-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 108 protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy γ-rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2. Abstract Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by $$\gamma $$ γ -ray energies spanning up to 5–6 MeV, rather low $$\gamma $$ γ -ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced $$\gamma $$ γ -ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high $$\gamma $$ γ -ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl $$_{3}$$ 3 crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr $$_{3}$$ 3 . Its high time-resolution (CRT $$\sim $$ ∼ 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl $$_{3}$$ 3 monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV $$\gamma $$ γ -ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10 $$^{8}$$ 8 protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy $$\gamma $$ γ -rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2. Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by [Formula: see text]-ray energies spanning up to 5-6 MeV, rather low [Formula: see text]-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced [Formula: see text]-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high [Formula: see text]-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl[Formula: see text] crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr[Formula: see text]. Its high time-resolution (CRT [Formula: see text] 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl[Formula: see text] monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV [Formula: see text]-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10[Formula: see text] protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy [Formula: see text]-rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2. Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by $$\gamma $$ γ-ray energies spanning up to 5–6 MeV, rather low $$\gamma $$ γ-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced $$\gamma $$ γ-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high $$\gamma $$ γ-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl $$_{3}$$ 3 crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr $$_{3}$$ 3. Its high time-resolution (CRT $$\sim $$ ∼ 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl $$_{3}$$ 3 monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV $$\gamma $$ γ-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10 $$^{8}$$ 8 protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy $$\gamma $$ γ-rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2. Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by [Formula: see text]-ray energies spanning up to 5-6 MeV, rather low [Formula: see text]-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced [Formula: see text]-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high [Formula: see text]-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl[Formula: see text] crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr[Formula: see text]. Its high time-resolution (CRT [Formula: see text] 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl[Formula: see text] monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV [Formula: see text]-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10[Formula: see text] protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy [Formula: see text]-rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2.Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by [Formula: see text]-ray energies spanning up to 5-6 MeV, rather low [Formula: see text]-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced [Formula: see text]-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high [Formula: see text]-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl[Formula: see text] crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr[Formula: see text]. Its high time-resolution (CRT [Formula: see text] 500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl[Formula: see text] monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV [Formula: see text]-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10[Formula: see text] protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy [Formula: see text]-rays is compensated by means of machine-learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2.
ArticleNumber	2735
Author	Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge Domingo-Pardo, César Babiano-Suárez, Víctor Ladarescu, Ion Balibrea-Correa, Javier
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jorge surname: Lerendegui-Marco fullname: Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge email: jorge.lerendegui@ific.uv.es organization: Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-University of Valencia – sequence: 2 givenname: Javier surname: Balibrea-Correa fullname: Balibrea-Correa, Javier organization: Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-University of Valencia – sequence: 3 givenname: Víctor surname: Babiano-Suárez fullname: Babiano-Suárez, Víctor organization: Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-University of Valencia – sequence: 4 givenname: Ion surname: Ladarescu fullname: Ladarescu, Ion organization: Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-University of Valencia – sequence: 5 givenname: César surname: Domingo-Pardo fullname: Domingo-Pardo, César organization: Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-University of Valencia
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35177663$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of... Abstract Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous...
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SubjectTerms	639/766/387/1126 639/766/930/2735 692/4028/67/1059/485 Cameras Crystals Diagnostic Imaging Efficiency Humanities and Social Sciences Image processing Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Learning algorithms Machine Learning multidisciplinary Nuclear physics Phantoms, Imaging Proton Therapy Protons Radiation therapy Science Science (multidisciplinary)
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Title	Towards machine learning aided real-time range imaging in proton therapy
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