Genetic diversity and comprehensive evaluation of physicochemical traits in Phyllanthus emblica L. for breeding and resource utilization
Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess gene...
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| Published in | BMC plant biology Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 1187 - 21 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
02.09.2025
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1471-2229 1471-2229 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12870-025-07161-x |
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| Abstract | Phyllanthus emblica
L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess genetic diversity and identify elite germplasm for breeding. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.13 to 98.09% for physical traits and 1.51–59.82% for biochemical traits. Notably, single fruit weight (CV: 98.09%), flesh stickiness (63.65%), crude fat (59.82%), and polysaccharide content (50.12%) exhibited high variability. Fifteen traits conformed to a normal distribution and were categorized into five probability-based grades. Correlation analysis showed that pericarp strength was significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, titratable acid, total flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannin content, while flesh hardness correlated positively with crude fiber and total sugar. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the 27 traits to 12 representative indicators, accounting for 82.54% of total variation. Hierarchical clustering grouped the germplasms into three classes: Class I (19 accessions) with high antioxidant contents and strong textures; Class II (2 accessions) with the largest fruit size and high flesh toughness; and Class III (40 accessions) with high moisture content and lower values for most traits, suitable for juice processing. A comprehensive biochemical evaluation model was constructed using PCA-derived weights, and the top-performing accessions—PEF30, PEF41, PEF35, PEF17, and PEF31—demonstrated superior nutritional quality based on total sugar, polyphenols, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents. These accessions are promising candidates for functional food development, fresh consumption, and cultivar improvement. This study provides a robust analytical framework and theoretical foundation for the classification, conservation, and targeted utilization of
P. emblica
germplasm in breeding programs. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess genetic diversity and identify elite germplasm for breeding. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.13 to 98.09% for physical traits and 1.51-59.82% for biochemical traits. Notably, single fruit weight (CV: 98.09%), flesh stickiness (63.65%), crude fat (59.82%), and polysaccharide content (50.12%) exhibited high variability. Fifteen traits conformed to a normal distribution and were categorized into five probability-based grades. Correlation analysis showed that pericarp strength was significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, titratable acid, total flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannin content, while flesh hardness correlated positively with crude fiber and total sugar. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the 27 traits to 12 representative indicators, accounting for 82.54% of total variation. Hierarchical clustering grouped the germplasms into three classes: Class I (19 accessions) with high antioxidant contents and strong textures; Class II (2 accessions) with the largest fruit size and high flesh toughness; and Class III (40 accessions) with high moisture content and lower values for most traits, suitable for juice processing. A comprehensive biochemical evaluation model was constructed using PCA-derived weights, and the top-performing accessions-PEF30, PEF41, PEF35, PEF17, and PEF31-demonstrated superior nutritional quality based on total sugar, polyphenols, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents. These accessions are promising candidates for functional food development, fresh consumption, and cultivar improvement. This study provides a robust analytical framework and theoretical foundation for the classification, conservation, and targeted utilization of P. emblica germplasm in breeding programs.Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess genetic diversity and identify elite germplasm for breeding. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.13 to 98.09% for physical traits and 1.51-59.82% for biochemical traits. Notably, single fruit weight (CV: 98.09%), flesh stickiness (63.65%), crude fat (59.82%), and polysaccharide content (50.12%) exhibited high variability. Fifteen traits conformed to a normal distribution and were categorized into five probability-based grades. Correlation analysis showed that pericarp strength was significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, titratable acid, total flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannin content, while flesh hardness correlated positively with crude fiber and total sugar. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the 27 traits to 12 representative indicators, accounting for 82.54% of total variation. Hierarchical clustering grouped the germplasms into three classes: Class I (19 accessions) with high antioxidant contents and strong textures; Class II (2 accessions) with the largest fruit size and high flesh toughness; and Class III (40 accessions) with high moisture content and lower values for most traits, suitable for juice processing. A comprehensive biochemical evaluation model was constructed using PCA-derived weights, and the top-performing accessions-PEF30, PEF41, PEF35, PEF17, and PEF31-demonstrated superior nutritional quality based on total sugar, polyphenols, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents. These accessions are promising candidates for functional food development, fresh consumption, and cultivar improvement. This study provides a robust analytical framework and theoretical foundation for the classification, conservation, and targeted utilization of P. emblica germplasm in breeding programs. Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess genetic diversity and identify elite germplasm for breeding. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.13 to 98.09% for physical traits and 1.51-59.82% for biochemical traits. Notably, single fruit weight (CV: 98.09%), flesh stickiness (63.65%), crude fat (59.82%), and polysaccharide content (50.12%) exhibited high variability. Fifteen traits conformed to a normal distribution and were categorized into five probability-based grades. Correlation analysis showed that pericarp strength was significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, titratable acid, total flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannin content, while flesh hardness correlated positively with crude fiber and total sugar. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the 27 traits to 12 representative indicators, accounting for 82.54% of total variation. Hierarchical clustering grouped the germplasms into three classes: Class I (19 accessions) with high antioxidant contents and strong textures; Class II (2 accessions) with the largest fruit size and high flesh toughness; and Class III (40 accessions) with high moisture content and lower values for most traits, suitable for juice processing. A comprehensive biochemical evaluation model was constructed using PCA-derived weights, and the top-performing accessions--PEF30, PEF41, PEF35, PEF17, and PEF31--demonstrated superior nutritional quality based on total sugar, polyphenols, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents. These accessions are promising candidates for functional food development, fresh consumption, and cultivar improvement. This study provides a robust analytical framework and theoretical foundation for the classification, conservation, and targeted utilization of P. emblica germplasm in breeding programs. Abstract Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess genetic diversity and identify elite germplasm for breeding. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.13 to 98.09% for physical traits and 1.51–59.82% for biochemical traits. Notably, single fruit weight (CV: 98.09%), flesh stickiness (63.65%), crude fat (59.82%), and polysaccharide content (50.12%) exhibited high variability. Fifteen traits conformed to a normal distribution and were categorized into five probability-based grades. Correlation analysis showed that pericarp strength was significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, titratable acid, total flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannin content, while flesh hardness correlated positively with crude fiber and total sugar. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the 27 traits to 12 representative indicators, accounting for 82.54% of total variation. Hierarchical clustering grouped the germplasms into three classes: Class I (19 accessions) with high antioxidant contents and strong textures; Class II (2 accessions) with the largest fruit size and high flesh toughness; and Class III (40 accessions) with high moisture content and lower values for most traits, suitable for juice processing. A comprehensive biochemical evaluation model was constructed using PCA-derived weights, and the top-performing accessions—PEF30, PEF41, PEF35, PEF17, and PEF31—demonstrated superior nutritional quality based on total sugar, polyphenols, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents. These accessions are promising candidates for functional food development, fresh consumption, and cultivar improvement. This study provides a robust analytical framework and theoretical foundation for the classification, conservation, and targeted utilization of P. emblica germplasm in breeding programs. Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess genetic diversity and identify elite germplasm for breeding. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.13 to 98.09% for physical traits and 1.51-59.82% for biochemical traits. Notably, single fruit weight (CV: 98.09%), flesh stickiness (63.65%), crude fat (59.82%), and polysaccharide content (50.12%) exhibited high variability. Fifteen traits conformed to a normal distribution and were categorized into five probability-based grades. Correlation analysis showed that pericarp strength was significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, titratable acid, total flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannin content, while flesh hardness correlated positively with crude fiber and total sugar. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the 27 traits to 12 representative indicators, accounting for 82.54% of total variation. Hierarchical clustering grouped the germplasms into three classes: Class I (19 accessions) with high antioxidant contents and strong textures; Class II (2 accessions) with the largest fruit size and high flesh toughness; and Class III (40 accessions) with high moisture content and lower values for most traits, suitable for juice processing. A comprehensive biochemical evaluation model was constructed using PCA-derived weights, and the top-performing accessions--PEF30, PEF41, PEF35, PEF17, and PEF31--demonstrated superior nutritional quality based on total sugar, polyphenols, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents. These accessions are promising candidates for functional food development, fresh consumption, and cultivar improvement. This study provides a robust analytical framework and theoretical foundation for the classification, conservation, and targeted utilization of P. emblica germplasm in breeding programs. Keywords: Amla, Fruit quality, Diversity analysis, Tropical and subtropical fruit, Resource conservation Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse accessions collected from China and South Asia for 27 physicochemical traits, including 13 physical and 14 chemical attributes, to assess genetic diversity and identify elite germplasm for breeding. Substantial phenotypic variation was observed, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 5.13 to 98.09% for physical traits and 1.51–59.82% for biochemical traits. Notably, single fruit weight (CV: 98.09%), flesh stickiness (63.65%), crude fat (59.82%), and polysaccharide content (50.12%) exhibited high variability. Fifteen traits conformed to a normal distribution and were categorized into five probability-based grades. Correlation analysis showed that pericarp strength was significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, titratable acid, total flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannin content, while flesh hardness correlated positively with crude fiber and total sugar. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the 27 traits to 12 representative indicators, accounting for 82.54% of total variation. Hierarchical clustering grouped the germplasms into three classes: Class I (19 accessions) with high antioxidant contents and strong textures; Class II (2 accessions) with the largest fruit size and high flesh toughness; and Class III (40 accessions) with high moisture content and lower values for most traits, suitable for juice processing. A comprehensive biochemical evaluation model was constructed using PCA-derived weights, and the top-performing accessions—PEF30, PEF41, PEF35, PEF17, and PEF31—demonstrated superior nutritional quality based on total sugar, polyphenols, vitamin C, and flavonoid contents. These accessions are promising candidates for functional food development, fresh consumption, and cultivar improvement. This study provides a robust analytical framework and theoretical foundation for the classification, conservation, and targeted utilization of P. emblica germplasm in breeding programs. |
| ArticleNumber | 1187 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Wu, Yongjie Chen, Jianqing Chen, Faxing Li, Tao Zhang, Ge Wang, Jianchao Ali, Muhammad Moaaz Xie, Lixue Zhang, Lijie Zhang, Xiaoyan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jianchao surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Jianchao organization: College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences – sequence: 2 givenname: Muhammad Moaaz surname: Ali fullname: Ali, Muhammad Moaaz email: muhammadmoaazali@yahoo.com organization: College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University – sequence: 3 givenname: Yongjie surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Yongjie organization: College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University – sequence: 4 givenname: Ge surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Ge organization: College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University – sequence: 5 givenname: Xiaoyan surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Xiaoyan organization: Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences – sequence: 6 givenname: Lixue surname: Xie fullname: Xie, Lixue organization: Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences – sequence: 7 givenname: Lijie surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Lijie organization: Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences – sequence: 8 givenname: Jianqing surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Jianqing organization: College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University – sequence: 9 givenname: Tao surname: Li fullname: Li, Tao email: leetao06@163.com organization: Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences – sequence: 10 givenname: Faxing surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Faxing email: fxchen@fafu.edu.cn organization: College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40898031$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse... Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically diverse... Abstract Phyllanthus emblica L. is a nutritionally and medicinally valuable fruit tree with extensive germplasm diversity. This study evaluated 61 genetically... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agriculture Agronomy Amla Ascorbic acid Biological diversity Biomedical and Life Sciences Botanical research Chemical properties Cluster analysis Clustering Correlation analysis Cultivars Diversity analysis Evaluation Flavonoids Flowers & plants Food consumption Food quality Fruit - chemistry Fruit - genetics Fruit quality Fruit trees Fruits Functional foods & nutraceuticals Genetic aspects Genetic diversity Genetic Variation Germplasm Life Sciences Medicine Moisture content Morphology Normal distribution Nutritive value Pericarp Phenotype Phenotypic variations Phyllanthus Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthus emblica - chemistry Phyllanthus emblica - genetics Physiological aspects Phytochemicals Plant Breeding Plant Sciences Polyphenols Polysaccharides Principal Component Analysis Principal components analysis Resource conservation Resource utilization Statistical analysis Sugar Tree Biology Trees Tropical and subtropical fruit Water content |
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| Title | Genetic diversity and comprehensive evaluation of physicochemical traits in Phyllanthus emblica L. for breeding and resource utilization |
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